IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 20

storage technologies, making battery storage affordable
at customer sites.
We are witnessing the inception of hybrid energy systems
(HESs). Powered by distributed generators and balanced
by controllable loads and batteries, HESs have much
higher operational flexibility than conventional LC
resources. They can not only respond passively in realtime
operation but also follow a prescheduled operation
baseline while actively responding to a wide range of realtime
control signals.
In the future, we may see many kinds of HESs in operation.
For example, HESs can be operated as microgrids
Transmission Network
Substation
Distribution Networks
Distribution Feeders ......
MW-Level HESs
Three-phase utility-scale
MW-level PV farms,
battery storage systems,
electric vehicle charging
stations.
Phase b
Tens of kW-Level
One-phase residential loads
Usually less than 10 kW,
HVAC, electric water heaters,
dryers, washers, dishwashers,
rooftop PV, EV, batteries, etc.
...
Figure 1. Load control resources: location, size, and magnitude. HESs: hybrid energy systems; PV: photovoltaic; EV: electric vehicle.
TABLE 1. Load control resources: location and size.
Building
Control
Timeline
Past
Now
Resources
HVAC
Water heater
Solar PV
EVs
Single- or Multiple-Family
Residential
<10kW
<10kW
<10kW
Level 1&2 chargers,
<10 kW
Battery storage Typically less than 10 kW @
10 kWH
Future
HESs
Several kWh
Commercial and
Light Industrial
Up to hundreds of kW
Tens of kW
Up to hundreds of kW
Up to hundreds of kW
Several to tens
of MW
Several to tens
of MW
Up to hundreds of kWH Hundreds of
kW-MW
Up to tens of MW
Tens of MW
>100 MW
>100 MW
>100 MW
...
Phase a
... Phase b
...
Phase c
Hundreds of kW or Tens of MW
Three-phase Commercial/Industrial Loads
With rooftop PV systems,
batteries, chargers on parking
lots, etc.
Tens/Hundreds of MW
Large industrial/commercial
controllable loads can be
switched on/off remotely by
circuit breakers.
Feeder
Substation
20
IEEE Electrification Magazine / SEPTEMBER 2021
Phase c
Phase a
Three-Phase Backbone
Three-Phase Backbone

IEEE Electrification - September 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification - September 2021

IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 1
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 2
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 3
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 4
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 5
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 6
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 7
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 8
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 9
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 10
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 11
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 12
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 13
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 14
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 15
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 16
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 17
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 18
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 19
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 20
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 21
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 22
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 23
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 24
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 25
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 26
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 27
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 28
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 29
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 30
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 31
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 32
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 33
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 34
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 35
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 36
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 37
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 38
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 39
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 40
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 41
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 42
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 43
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 44
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 45
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 46
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 47
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 48
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 49
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 50
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 51
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 52
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 53
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 54
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 55
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 56
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 57
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 58
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 59
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 60
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 61
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 62
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 63
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 64
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 65
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 66
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 67
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 68
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 69
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 70
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 71
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 72
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 73
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 74
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 75
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 76
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 77
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 78
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 79
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 80
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 81
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 82
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 83
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 84
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 85
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 86
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 87
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 88
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 89
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 90
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 91
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 92
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 93
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 94
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 95
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 96
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 97
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 98
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 99
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 100
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 101
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 102
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 103
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 104
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 105
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 106
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 107
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 108
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 109
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 110
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 111
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 112
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 113
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 114
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 115
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 116
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 117
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 118
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 119
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 120
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 121
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 122
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 123
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 124
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 125
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 126
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 127
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 128
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 129
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 130
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 131
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 132
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2013
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com