IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 63

225
225
225
220
220
220
215
05 10
15 20
Time (s)
(a)
215
05 10
15 20
Time (s)
(b)
215
05 10
15 20
Time (s)
(c)
Figure 16. A visualization of the voltage magnitudes measured at (a) node 1, (b) node 2, and (c) node 3. (Source: Figure 3 of Huang et al. 2020.)
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
-0.02
0.2
0.4
Actual Signal
Signal With Injection
0.6
0.8
Time (s)
(a)
1
50
40
30
20
10
05 10
Time (s)
(b)
Figure 17. (a) A comparison of the actual control command and the command with watermark injection. (b) The time-domain evolution of
the watermark-based detector. p.u.: per unit. (Source: Figure 4 of Huang et al. 2020.)
measurements at three buses. As can be observed in Figure
16, such an attack incurs system-level instability,
although the attack occurs at bus 1.
The watermark-based cybershield is implemented
at each inverter. Figure 17(a) shows the smallness of
the watermark signal. In Figure 17(a), the blue curve
corresponds to the control command without the
watermark injection, while the red curve is the control
command with the watermark injection. The red and
blue curves in Figure 17(a) almost overlap, suggesting
the smallness of the watermark
injection. Figure 17(b) shows the
evolution of the attack detector
in the time domain. After the
18th second, the detector exceeds
a threshold (the red dashed line),
which suggests that a cyberattack
is occurring.
60.0015
60.0014
60.0013
Securing Secondary Control
of a Microgrid
Figure 18 presents the topology of a
test microgrid with secondary control.
The secondary controller aims
to regulate voltage magnitude and
05 10
Time (s)
(a)
E, Frequency
Secondary
Control
δE
δω
δE3, δω3
δE1, δω1
δE2, δω2
Grid-Forming
Inverter 1
Grid-Forming
Inverter 2
Grid-Forming
Inverter 3
Load 1
Line 1
Line 2
Load 2
Figure 18. The topology of a microgrid with secondary control.
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
8101214
Time (s)
(b)
Figure 19. The performance of the watermarking-based detector under the replay attack: (a) timedomain
frequency measurements under the replay attack and (b) the evolution of the detector
under the replay attack.
IEEE Electrification Magazine / SEPTEMBER 2021
63
× 10-11
15
18 20
V1 (V)
Control Command (p.u.)
Frequency (Hz)
V2 (V)
x1
ξ1
V3 (V)

IEEE Electrification - September 2021

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