IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 95

communications, Wi-Fi, low-power, long-range wireless
networks, Zigbee, and Wi-SUN. Currently, there is no single
communications solution that is optimal for all utilities.
Utilities normally combine multiple technologies to
build their communication networks. The selection of
communication techniques is highly dependent on the
geographic location and grid infrastructure. For example,
urban utilities face very different communication challenges
than rural utilities.
When SM data are collected by the HES, an MDMS is
used for long-term data storage and management. The
MDMS will import SM data and then validate, clean, and
process them before using them for utility applications,
such as geographic information systems and outage management
systems. In the United States, not all utilities
have their own MDMS because of financial constraints;
small utilities prefer partnering with third-party data
companies to store and process their SM data.
SM Data Applications
In the United States, federally sponsored programs have
been promoting the widespread adoption of AMI in distribution
systems. But, to date, most utilities use SMs for
remote billing and outage notifications only, without
exploring insights or gaining actionable information,
which significantly undervalues the SM data. The fundamental
reason is that SM data are limited by several disadvantages.
Specifically, unlike the microphasor
measurement units (μPMUs) that provide high-resolution
(e.g., 120 samples/s) and synchronized phasor data, SMs
collect only low-resolution and unsynchronized energy
and voltage magnitude measurements. Furthermore, SM
data suffer from data-quality problems caused by communication
failures, meter malfunctions, and human
errors. Figure 4 presents several common SM data-quality

IEEE Electrification - September 2021

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