IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2015 - 96

type" 6-kW dynamo could supply 60
lamps, each rated at 16 candlepower.
Three of the dynamos supplied power
to the incandescent lighting circuits,
while the fourth dynamo was operated at reduced voltage and used as
an exciter for the field magnets of the
three power-producing dynamos. The
dynamos were belt driven using steam
power supplied by two vertical steam
engines. Since there were no instruments to help regulate the system, the
operators had to adjust the dynamo
voltages by judging the brightness of
the engine room lamps.
Wire conductor insulation was very
primitive in 1880. The ship's wiring
was insulated with cotton fabric and

then dipped in melted paraffin to afford some degree of waterproofing. For
wires in contact with metal, rubber tubing was used as an additional insulating
medium. Most of the conductors were
surface mounted using staples, and the
wires for the positive and negative poles
were painted different colors. Electricity was delivered throughout the ship by
seven main circuits and many branch
lines. Each segment of the distribution
system was protected by fuses, consisting of a piece of lead wire in a glass
tube mounted on a wooden base.
The light bulb sockets predated the
development of the Edison screw base
still in use today. As such, each socket
had a wooden base and two metal strips

that connected to the distribution conductors. Because of this arrangement,
most bulbs were mounted upright, but a
few were mounted in an inverted position in specially designed fixtures. Traditional shipboard oil lamps were available for use in the event of the failure of
the electric lights.
The switches controlling the lights
in the passenger cabins were located
in locked rosewood boxes outside each
respective cabin. If a passenger wanted
the stateroom light turned on or off, he
or she would have to summon a steward, presumably using the electric call
button in the cabin, who would then
come, unlock the rosewood box, and
turn the switch on or off.

figure 2. A composite line drawing showing details of the SS Columbia as published in the 22 May 1880 Scientific
American, p. 326 (image courtesy of Hal Wallace, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Americana History,
Behring Center, Washington, D.C.).
96

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