IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2017 - 37

Evaluating an integrated energy network allows us to address
efficiency with a triple bottom line: financial, environmental,
and social impacts.
points so that on-site generation can be sold into the grid at
the higher rates. The stored water can then be treated later,
with power purchased at lower rates.
Water distribution systems contain potentially large
amounts of storage, which provide system pressure and
backup. When properly managed, water utilities can reduce
distribution system pumping and allow the water supply
system to "coast" during peak electrical periods. Wastewater systems, on the other hand, may divert a portion of the
incoming sewage into holding cells or reduce aeration during peak electrical periods (Figure 4). Under the right circumstances, DR from water and wastewater facilities can
be significant, benefiting both electric utilities (by reducing
the need for peak generation) and water treatment/WWT

facilities (through DR incentives; see Figures 5 and 6). For
example, a third-party DR aggregator has enrolled in excess
of 100 MW of curtailable loads and on-site generator capacity at about 700 U.S. water treatment and WWT facilities.
WWT systems struggle with significant flow changes,
particularly during rainfall events. Infiltration into the collection system represents a challenging problem for many systems, so many plants have storage available at the front of
the treatment plant to capture excess flow for treatment at a
later period. Basin management decisions are usually based
on keeping storage available for the next storm event, but,
depending on the plant, this storage could be used to manage peak electric demand by diverting wastewater to these
basins during peak electric periods. Fortunately, peak electric

Dams
Produce
Electricity

Energy Is Used for
Pumping Water

Power Plant
Cooling Uses
Water

Water Used
for Mining Fuels

Water Supply
Uses Energy

Energy Uses in
Water/Wastewater
Treatment
Water Flows
Energy Flows

Water and Energy Use
in the Home Are Related

figure 3. Water system quality can be maintained while pumps, heaters, and other equipment can provide DR,
which shifts electrical load away from peak periods to off-peak periods. (Image courtesy of the U.S. National
Renewable Laboratory.)
january/february 2017

ieee power & energy magazine

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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2017

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2017 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2017 - Cover2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2017 - Cover3
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