IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 25
ment run. This study, therefore, has an updated outlook
of the available generation compared to the next-day
study. The gap study uses the same process as the nextday study and includes steady-state, contingency, and
voltage stability analyses.
✔ Real-time voltage security assessment: This is
conducted every 10 min, using real-time system conditions, to determine the transfer limits of the concerned regions based on steady-state voltage stability or system strength considerations (whichever is
more binding). The determined transfer limits are
ried out closer to real time using the most updated information, such as generation patterns for wind and solar,
updated based on the latest operating plans submitted
by each resource. The generation input for the gap study
is the result of the latest hourly reliability unit commit-
Operating Day-2
Generic
Transmission
Constraints
3.2%
3.6%
2
4%
3
5.3%
5.3%
4
1
0
2.7%
✔ Gap study: This is similar to the next-day study but car-
5
3.7%
Real-Time Analysis and Studies
1-h-Ahead Wind Forecast Performance
6
5.6%
Mean
Absolute Percentage Error
offline study is conducted to determine transfer
limits based on the projected system condition on
all existing generic transmission constraints. The
identified stability limits on generic transmission
constraints are used in the day-ahead market and in
reliability unit commitment processes and are updated in real-time, if necessary, to maintain reliable
transfers in real-time operation.
✔ Next-day study: This study includes steady-state, contingency, and voltage-stability analyses for the upcoming operating day to ensure that ERCOT has sufficient
generation to reliably serve projected peak load. It does
so while taking into account day-ahead market and reliability unit commitment results, applicable system
outage information, and transmission line dynamic
ratings if applicable. Mitigation plans may also be developed for any issues that may arise.
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Year
figure 8. The annual 1-h-ahead wind power production
forecast performance.
Operating Day
Next Day
Multihour Study for the Entire Day
DayAhead
Market
for
Day 1
Day-Ahead
Reliability
Unit
Commitment
for Day 1
Study the Peak Load Hour
Next
Day
Study
Gap
Study
Study the Peak Load Hour
Runs Every 10 min
Voltage Stability Assessment
Transient Security Assessment
Inertia Monitoring and Look-Ahead
Reserve Adequacy Monitoring and Look-Ahead
Capacity Adequacy Monitoring and Look-Ahead
Physical Responsive Capability
Runs Every 4 s
figure 9. Operational studies and situational awareness tools.
march/april 2021
ieee power & energy magazine
25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - Cover3
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