IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 79
©SHUTTERSTOCK.COM/SERGIOSH
The Fragile Grid
The Physics and Economics of Security
Services in Low-Carbon Power Systems
W
WORLDWIDE, THERE ARE UNSTOPPABLE FORCES
toward low-carbon power systems that can support the fight
against climate change and help solve the security of supply
issues in many countries. Low-carbon grids are likely to be
characterized by substantial renewable energy sources, both
centralized and distributed, combined with intelligent and
dynamic demand-side technology and multisector electrification (including heating, transport, and future fuels). In this
context, successfully resolving the " affordability-sustainability-reliability " energy trilemma is crucial for paving the
way to low-carbon energy futures.
When looking at the " reliability " pillar of the trilemma, it
becomes apparent that these transformations are of unprecedented scale and pose significant threats to operational security. Many of these are currently being experienced in the
Australian National Electricity Market (NEM), which has
one of the highest instantaneous renewable energy penetrations in the world, with 75% projected by 2025.
Due to changes in the physical characteristics of the system and in the supply- and demand-side resources connected
to it, low-carbon grids might be more intrinsically fragile
and, therefore, both less secure and less resilient. The system's new physics has a profound impact on its economics
too-in the requirements for security services and in the
technical, commercial, regulatory, and policy measures to
procure such services. These aspects are thoroughly discussed in the rest of this article.
Low-Carbon Grids: Technical
Challenges and Mitigation Options
Several technical challenges are being experienced in systems that are increasingly operating with large shares of
By Pierluigi Mancarella and Farhad Billimoria
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MPE.2020.3043570
Date of current version: 19 February 2021
march/april 2021
1540-7977/21©2021IEEE
ieee power & energy magazine
79
http://www.SHUTTERSTOCK.COM/SERGIOSH
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 26
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 27
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 28
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 29
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 30
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 31
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 32
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 33
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 34
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 35
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 36
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 37
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 38
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 39
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 40
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 47
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 48
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 51
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 52
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 54
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 55
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 58
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 59
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 60
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 77
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 78
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 79
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 80
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 82
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 84
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 85
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 86
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 87
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 88
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 90
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 91
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 92
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 93
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 94
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 95
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 96
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 97
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 98
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 99
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - 100
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070820
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050620
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030420
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070819
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050619
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030419
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070818
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050618
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030418
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070817
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050617
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030417
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070816
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050616
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030416
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070815
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050615
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030415
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111214
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070814
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050614
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030414
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010214
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com