IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2022 - 71

had installed three. New York Edison
installed eight in Manhattan as it
switched former dc customers to ac,
and also three in the Bronx. As industrial
areas in Queens expanded
and new residential zones began to
develop, the New York and Queens
Electric Light and Power Company
installed nine. (By 2000, there were a
total of 55 networks in the Consolidated
Edison system, 33 in Manhattan, eight
in Brooklyn and in Queens, and six in
the Bronx.)
An Edison Electric Institute report
of 1932-1933 listed the customer connection
as 122 V single phase and 211 V
three phase in the systems of the
United, New York Edison, Brooklyn
Edison, and the New York and Queens
Electric Light and Power companies.
It should be noted that the early reports
on United reference a 115-/199-V
standard, while even earlier reports
ment ion 110/191 V, and 125/216
was a lso explored. The present
standard of 120 V single phase and
208 V three phase was listed in cities
across the nation and apparently
adopted by the New York companies
at some later date.
United's Legacy
Thereafter, the focus was on network
protectors. The rapid change from dc
to ac distribution across the nation produced
a demand for a variety of protective
and control relays. Surveys of 79
cities showed that half used the highvoltage
standard established by United
in the 11-13 kV range, two used 22 kV,
two used 27 kV, and the balance retained
lower voltages in the 2,300 and
4,100 V ranges. By 1933, a total of 7,000
automatic protective relays of various
types were in operation in 56 cities.
The 1930s were marked by a rapid
development of protective devices of
increased sophistication and the use of
automatic load tap changers on power
transformers. In time, protective relays
became a major portion of the ac network
components as system complexity
caused unintended operation of the
relays when portions of a network were
de-energized for repair work. That
march/april 2022
ieeepower & energy magazine
71
INNOVATIVE
NEPLAN is the first Power System Analysis Tool
that uses cloud architecture, with the ability
to use each functionality as a Web Service.
INTEROPERABLE
The Software complies with interoperability standards
and interfaces that facilitate its integration with external
energy management systems.
concern was addressed initially in 1930
when United and Westinghouse took
the lead in development of components
with phase-sequence relays. Ten were
installed the following year and proved
successful. The relays combined a directional
relay and two overcurrent relays to
prevent trips unless the feeder breaker
opened. In 1931, engineers developed
relays that were sensitive to
the difference between circulating current
and true reverse current to reduce
(continued on p. 76)

http://www.neplan.ch

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2022

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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2022 - Cover1
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