Central Controller Bus 5 Bus 6 CB6 CB4 CB8 L PV Utility Grid CB1 CB2 CB12 Bus 1 Grounding Transformer Distribution Grid L Load PV WT L Bus 4 CB13 CB15 CB14 CB16 CB18 CB19 CB17 L CB20 CB3 L WT Microgrid B Circuit Breaker Open Photovoltaic CB11 CB9 Bus 3 Bus 2 Circuit Breaker Closed CB10 CB7 CB5 Utility Grid Wind Turbine B PEs Grounding Transformer Batteries Energy Storage Communication Network (a) IED IED IED IED IED Bus 5 CB4 Bus 6 CB10 CB7 CB5 CB6 CB9 CB8 L Bus 4 CB11 L PV Bus 3 Utility Grid CB13 CB1 CB2 Bus 1 Grounding Transformer Distribution Grid CB14 L Load PV Photovoltaic CB19 CB17 L CB20 CB3 WT Wind Turbine L Microgrid B Circuit Breaker Open WT CB18 CB16 CB12 Bus 2 Circuit Breaker Closed CB15 Utility Grid B PEs Batteries Energy Storage Grounding Transformer Local Area Network Wide Area Network (b) figure 8. The (a) centralized and (b) distributed adaptive protection system architecture for microgrid protection. IED: intelligent electronic device. 32 ieee power & energy magazine may/june 2021