IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2022 - 80

Light Energy
+
Nickel Plating
Antireflecting
Coating
N-Type Si
+
+
+
Hole
Load
-
-
-
P-Type Si
Electron
-
figure 4. A schematic of a PV cell. Si: silicon.
mathematical " trick " to fit the theory
into experimentation. But Einstein extended
Planck's quantum into light itself
(Planck assumed that only the vibrations
of atoms were quantized). Einstein said
that light is a beam of particles whose
energy is related to frequency according
to Planck's formula. A beam of light
collides with atoms upon impact with
the metal. If the photon's frequency is
sufficient to drop the electrons, the collision
causes the photoelectric effect. As
a particle, light carries energy proportional
to the frequency of the wave. As
a wave, it has a frequency determined
by the energy of the particle. This work
earned Einstein the 1921 Nobel Prize
in Physics.
Researchers at Bell Laboratory found
figure 5. The space satellite
Vanguard 1 with its six solar cells
attached. (Source: National Space Science
Data Center, NASA, Vanguard 1
with its six solar cells attached, 2007.)
80
ieee power & energy magazine
that by mixing arsenic with silicon and
a thin coating on the cell with boron,
cell efficiency of 6% (US$250 per watt
versus US$3 per watt for coal) can be
achieved. Perhaps even if their findings
were separate from transistor technology
and expertise, it would not have
been known to scientists who started the
energy supply revolution that would be
needed globally within 20 years. Despite
advances, the current product was too
expensive for use on the ground. However,
for space power applications, it was
a perfect solution as there were no other
alternatives and, despite the demerits, it
was still the best solution.
The first of the many solar cells that
powered the space machinery were
deployed on the Vanguard I space satellite
(Figure 5) in 1958 and operated
until decommissioned in 1964. As an
endless pollution-free power supply,
the tremendous success of PV cells
has secured a place for these cells. In
spite of their efficiency and cost, PV
cells have become a ubiquitous power
source in the aerospace industry due to
their success as pollution-free infinite
sources of electricity.
After the French discovery in the
early 19th century, the United States
led the development of solar cells. Until
1990, it was a leader in the market, research
and development, and implementation.
Nevertheless, at the end of the
20th century, this domination changed
as it moved and was divided between
Europe and Japan. Over the past decade,
the world has reached a tremendous
milestone integrating solar power into 1
million households. During this period,
Japan and Europe, especially Germany,
may/june 2022

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2022

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2022 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2022 - 2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2022 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2022 - Cover4
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