IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2022 - 83

introduced government subsidies, raised
public awareness, and invested in research
and development. In the 1990s,
Japan saw a ten-fold increase in the market
as Germany initially weakened, but
as a result of modifying subsidies, production
increased forty-fold, surpassing
Japan's success. Their example has been
followed by other European countries,
such as Spain, and have achieved similar
growth rate.
There have been a considerable number
of levels of development in the PV
market over the past several decades,
including research and product development
for tasks like lighting, desalination,
and pumping. Thus, it has become
interesting not only for scientists and
engineers but also for the general public.
Solar energy is now an inexpensive,
highly efficient, and clean alternative to
fossil fuels as well as more easily accessible
power supplies to meet an everincreasing
demand.
Solar PV Modules-
Performance and
Efficiency
Solar cell performance depends on the
fill factor and conversion efficiency.
Mathematically, the fill factor is defined
as the ratio of the product of the
maximum current value ()Im
maximum voltage value ()Vm
and the
divided
by the product of the short circuit current
()ISC
().VOC
ficiency is the ratio of Pm
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
(the maxiand
the open circuit voltage
The value of the conversion efmum
power generated by the panel
under standard test conditions) and Pin
(the solar radiation, i.e., radiant energy
emitted from the Sun).
According to the data obtained from
the solar efficiency (Table 1), the efficiencies
of multijunction cells and
crystalline modules outperform those
Rest of World
India
Japan
North America
Germany
Rest of Europe
China
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year
figure 8. The global cumulative PV installation by region. (Source: Fraunhofer
Inst. for Solar Energy, " Photovoltaics report, " Jul. 27, 2021; used with permission.)
100
80
60
40
20
Year
Rest of World North America Europe Asia
figure 9. PV module production by region, 1997-2020. (Source: Fraunhofer Inst. for Solar Energy, " Photovoltaics report, "
Jul. 27, 2021; used with permission.)
may/june 2022
ieee power & energy magazine
83
Percentage of Total Production (MWp)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Cumulative Installed PV Capacity (GWp)

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2022

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