IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - 28

A use case is a means of describing a microgrid to facilitate analysis and decision making. It defines the conditions
for microgird operations and control in both isolated and
interconnected modes with the power delivery system. The
use case also helps developers plan the microgrid and determine its cost/benefit ratio. While use cases normally define
the functions of power systems, here they are developed for
the unique functions of microgrids; see "The Functional Use
Cases of Microgrid Controllers."
In 2014, the DOE/OE determined that use cases for ten
functions should be developed and made available to vendors, utilities, microgrid developers, and most importantly,
standards development organizations. These use cases may

be found in the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) use
case repository (microgrids).
Standards

Establishing standards for the specification and testing of
microgrid controllers is a major goal of the DOE/OE microgrid
program. Standards are necessary to provide 1) a common
basis for defining controller functionality from a technical point
of view and 2) policy makers and regulators with a benchmark
and definition for the operational capabilities of the microgrid
itself. Requests for proposals and regulatory rulings are major
beneficiaries of standards, giving a solid technical basis
for achieving their objectives. Standards help to advance the

The Functional Use Cases of Microgrid Controllers
Frequency Control

that the AEPS is no longer able to provide power supply to the

This function balances the generation and loads in a microgrid,

microgrid with specified power quality.

therefore maintaining its stability by controlling its frequency. It
is a fast real-time control in the time scale of subseconds. The
function is realized by one or more primary sources are responsible for frequency control. The microgrid's supervisory control
and data acquisition (SCADA) system determines whether a microgrid source is operated as a primary source or other source
and sends the frequency set point to the primary sources.
Voltage Control
This function regulates voltage at the point of common
coupling within a specified range. It is a fast real-time control
in a time scale of subseconds. This function is realized by one
or more primary sources responsible for controlling voltage.
The SCADA system determines whether a microgrid source is
operated as a primary source or other source and sends the
voltage set point to the primary sources.
Grid Connected to Islanding Transition:
Intentional Islanding Transition
This use case describes the function in which a microgrid
disconnects from the area electric power system (AEPS) in a

Resynchronization and Reconnection
In this function, a microgrid resynchronizes and reconnects
to the AEPS and transitions from islanded operation mode to
grid-connected operation mode.
Energy Management: Grid Connected and Islanding
This use case describes the EMS functions of a microgrid working in both grid-connected and islanding mode. The microgrid
is connected to the distribution grid at a single point and controlled by the EMS. The EMS participates in utility operation
and energy market activities by making optimal bids into corresponding markets. Also, the EMS coordinates energy generation and consumption among multiple DERs, energy storage,
and responsive loads and develops optimal operating strategies in multiple time scales.
Microgrid Protection
This is the function in which a microgrid configures protection
devices for different operating conditions, and the protection

planned manner when the system is grid connected and in a

devices detect faults and isolate the microgrid from them.

normal operating mode. This is the process by which the mi-

Ancillary Services: Grid Connected

crogrid intentionally transitions from grid-connected operation
to islanded operation.
Islanding to Grid Connected Transition:
Unintentional Islanding Transition
This use case describes the function in which a microgrid disconnects from the AEPS when there is a large disturbance in-

28

Islanding to Grid-Connected Transition:

This use case describes the function of a microgrid providing ancillary services to the AEPS when the microgrid is grid connected.
Microgrid Black Start
This is the function in which a microgrid restores islanded operation after a complete shutdown.

ternally or externally so that the microgrid can be isolated from

Microgrid User Interface and Data Management

the disturbance and continue power supply to its loads in an

This function defines the databases of a microgrid to organize

islanded mode. The large disturbance can be internal or ex-

and archive both real-time and non-real-time data. It also defines

ternal faults, loss of the AEPS, or some other disturbances so

the user interfaces and accessibility of different actors.

ieee power & energy magazine

july/august 2017



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017

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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - Cover3
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