IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - 38

To be useful, standards need to be universally
applicable and present as few
restrictions as possible.
Functional Specification of the
Microgrid Control System
Identification of
Control System Core Functions
The first element of the standardization process is to define
the common core functions meeting the definition proposed in
this article, regardless of application, topology, configuration,
or jurisdiction. These functions define the microgrid as a system that manages itself, can operate autonomously or grid

Level 3
Level 2
Level 1

Microgrid Control System

Distribution Grid
Higher-Level Functions
Operator Interface
Grid/Market

Communication/
SCADA
Optional Dispatch

Core Level Functions
Transition

Dispatch

(Connect/Disconnect)

(Including Simple
Rules)

Lower-Level Functions
Voltage/Frequency Control
Real/Reactive Power Control

Device Specific
Functions

Microgrid Assets, Devices, and Components

figure 5. The microgrid control system functional framework core functions.

Dispatch Function
Grid
Connected

Reconnecting

Islanding

Transition
Function

Islanded

figure 6. The interaction between dispatch and transition
and functions.
38

ieee power & energy magazine

connected, and connects to and disconnects from the main
distribution grid for the exchange of power and the supply of
ancillary services.
The standard defines core functions, taking into account
the requirements of the distribution system and microgrid
operators. The functional specification needs to be adequately tested. The two core functions that are defined in the
standards (Figure 5) are
✔ the dispatch function, which computes and distributes
the set points of DER units and controllable loads in
grid-connected and islanded modes
✔ the transition function, which dictates the control system operation during transitions from grid-connected
and islanded modes and in reconnection.
In the function classification of Figure 3, the core functions are made up mostly of blocks 3 and 2 functions.
The relation between the core functions and the other functions of the microgrid control system is further illustrated in
Figure 5. The interaction between the two core functions is
shown in Figure 6. The dispatch function needs to redispatch
the microgrid assets during the transition processes. This is
done asynchronously, on an interrupt basis.

Specification of the Core Functions
The dispatch function sends microgrid assets and provides
them with appropriate set points. It maximizes the use of the
DERs available within the microgrid and ensures that the
microgrid operation meets all requirements, both internally
and as seen by the distribution grid at the point of interconnection. A dispatch order is a set of commands generated
by the dispatch function and communicated to the microgrid
assets and their individual controllers. Examples of these
commands include open or close, start or stop generators, and
reduce load to critical loads only.
The control system dispatches microgrid assets according to operational requirements to serve installed or selected
loads within the microgrid and meet power and power quality
requirements. In grid-connected mode, it meets the interconnection agreement stipulations (in terms of energy consumed/
produced) and the interconnection requirements (power quality, e.g., harmonics and voltage sags) set by the DSO and the
microgrid internal requirements set by the microgrid owner/
operator. The relevant requirements apply in the event of a
planned or unplanned disconnection or islanding. In an
unplanned disconnection, the microgrid, as an entity, shall
meet specific requirements such the low-voltage ride-through
requirement, as imposed by the DSO.
july/august 2017



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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - Cover3
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