IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 42

To minimize potentially dangerous step and touch voltages,
substation grounding systems need to have resistances
as low as possible.
overvoltages caused by lightning or switching surges. This
evaluation focuses on overvoltage protection provided by
substation equipment surge arresters.
At a substation where a new synchronous condenser is
installed, the following components are some of the new
equipment typically required for interconnection to the
power grid:
✔ generator step-up (GSU) transformer
✔ extra-high-voltage underground cable
✔ gas insulated substation (GIS).
Two types of substation configurations are shown in
Figure 5, showing how a lightning surge travels from an
overhead line to the GSU and through substation equipment. In the example that follows, surge arresters exist at
the point of interconnection near major equipment to provide protection against anticipated overvoltages. Some of
these locations include
✔ cable entrance
✔ GSU terminal
✔ overhead line entrance (if needed; not shown in Figure 5)

✔ GIS entrance (if needed; not shown in Figure 5).

The first step in an insulation coordination study involves
the selection of minimum surge arrester ratings that effectively protect nearby equipment. The selection is based on
✔ maximum continuous overvoltage
✔ expected transient overvoltages and their duration.
The next steps for an insulation coordination study consist of
✔ the selection of reliability criteria
✔ the determination of equipment voltage stresses
✔ the comparison of voltage stress with insulation strength.
An acceptable safety margin for insulation levels is based
on either IEEE Standard 1313.2 (IEEE Standard 1313.2-1999,
IEEE Guide for the Application of Insulation Coordination) or
the individual utility's standard. The minimum safety margin
recommended by SDG&E standards is 20% of the required
basic insulation level (BIL) (SDG&E Standard SE-3802, Substation Arrester Selection Requirements, 15 October 2013).
A transient model is developed to capture a conceptual
lightning strike's path or switching surges through substation

Lightning Surge
Overhead Bus
Outdoor

Overhead Line

GSU

AIS
Cable

Ground

Surge
Arrester

(a)

Lightning Surge

Overhead Line

Ground

Overhead Bus

Surge
Arrester

Cable
Riser
Pole

Indoor GIS

Cable

Surge
Arrester

GSU

Cable

(b)

figure 5. (a) Lightning surges travel to the GSU from the overhead line and cable connection. (b) Lightning surges travel
to the GSU from the overhead line, cable, GIS, and cable connection. AIS: air insulated substation.
42

ieee power & energy magazine

july/august 2019



IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 26
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 27
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 28
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 29
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 30
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 31
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 32
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 33
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 34
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 35
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 36
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 37
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 38
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 39
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 40
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 47
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 48
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 51
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 52
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 54
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 55
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 58
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 59
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 60
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 77
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 78
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 79
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 80
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 82
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 84
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 85
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 86
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 87
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 88
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 90
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 91
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 92
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 93
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 94
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 95
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 96
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 97
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 98
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 99
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 100
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 101
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 102
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 103
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 104
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 105
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 106
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 107
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - 108
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2019 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070820
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050620
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030420
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070819
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050619
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030419
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070818
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050618
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030418
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070817
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050617
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030417
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070816
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050616
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030416
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070815
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050615
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030415
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111214
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070814
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050614
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030414
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010214
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com