IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2021 - 92

area of application was on dc electric
railways, this type of breaker became
know as a railway breaker. The arc was
drawn in open air, and it was soon realized
that, with increasing fault currents,
this open arc became dangerous
and, in many cases, no better than fuses.
When used on large, high-voltage
ac systems, the shortcomings of these
breakers soon became apparent.
One of the first to appreciate this
figure 5. An air break switch test.
(Source: E.W. Rice, " The Control
of High Potential Systems of Large
Power, " AIEE Transactions, vol. 18,
p. 414, Aug. 1901.)
was Edwin Rice, the man who designed
the electrical system of the 96th
Street power station. The major load
of this station was the dc supplied to
the transit cars. The synchronous generators
supplied substation converters
that were frequently worked in multiple
with large banks of storage batteries.
Converters were electrical machines
wound in such a way as to have a synchronous
motor and dc generator built
as one machine. When a short occurred
anywhere on this system, both the station
ac generators and substation converters
fed the fault.
In 1901, Rice wrote in an AIEE
Transactions paper,
... it was apparent that the characteristics
of such a load prevented
any reliance being placed
upon the opening of the exciting
circuit of the ac generators in case
of the necessity of a general shutdown,
as the rotary converters
would, under certain conditions,
supply sufficient magnetizing
current to excite these generators,
even with the field winding of the
generators unexcited.
Realizing that equipment protection
had become a serious issue, electrical
engineers began looking for a replacement
for the railway breaker. Beginning
in 1899, a large number of papers that
dealt with short circuit interruption problems
started to appear in AIEE Transactions
and other periodicals. The authors
in AIEE Transactions were, for the most
part, either employees of the two major
players at the turn of the 20th century in
the
United States-Westinghouse and
General Electric-or staff engineers of
the major power-generation companies.
Westinghouse originally was experimenting
with improving air break
switches. However, the engineers found
that the open-air arcs were not easily
figure 6. A pneumatically operated
H-type oil switch. (Source: " The Control
of High Potential Systems of Large
Power, " AIEE Transactions, vol. 18,
p. 410, 1901.)
92
ieee power & energy magazine
figure 7. A two-phase type H oil circuit breaker. (Source: H.W. Buck, " The New
Generating Plants of the Niagara Falls Power Company, " AIEE Transactions,
vol. 19, p. 774, June 1902.)
july/august 2021

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2021

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2021 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2021 - Cover3
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