IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2014 - 82
Most utilities prioritize the restoration of loads
based on their importance to public health
and safety.
without power or were islanded but cannot sustain themselves for many more hours.
such a coordination of restoration priority could be
implemented today without any insurmountable technical
barriers. the major technical requirement is communication
between the utility and its customers regarding the vLse
and the status of the resources. this particular application
is "low-hanging fruit" that utilities could implement rapidly.
Global Optimization of Distributed Resources
current industry practices during outage conditions impose constraints on the local use of customer-owned distributed resources.
this raises the question of whether greater societal value could be
gained if such constraints were relaxed and these resources were
optimized more broadly (beyond an individual customer's premises) to support resilience. some examples include:
✔ scheduling distributed resources to manage congestion
in the distribution grid and maximize its load-carrying
capability, e.g., using distributed resources to eliminate an overload on a transformer that would otherwise require switching operations to reduce load
✔ scheduling distributed resources to optimize the voltage profile on the feeder and eliminate overloads.
while some distributed resources such as solar Pv are not
dispatchable, advanced technologies such as smart inverters can provide the capability for voltage regulation (and
already do so in europe). U.s. utilities do not presently rely
on customer resources for any such global optimization for
a variety of reasons, including concerns about reliability; the
dependability of non-utility-owned resources; and the logistics involved in communication, control, and data integration.
Multicustomer Microgrids
In theory, utility customers may be able to dynamically
island several customers in a multicustomer microgrid,
meaning a group of customers could isolate itself from the
rest of the grid and sustain itself in that state for a period of
time, as long as local resources and load management are
adequate to meet the island's needs and the physical or economic condition prompting the islanded operation persists.
many questions need to be addressed before this practice
could become feasible, including:
✔ technical issues, such as protection, control, and
power quality
✔ legal issues, such as liabilities for damage to thirdparty assets
82
ieee power & energy magazine
✔ regulatory issues, particularly customer competition
with utilities
✔ economic issues, including the need to create markets for energy and ancillary services from distributed
resources and how to measure and bill for services
exchanged among customers.
Hardening of the Distribution Grid Using
Distributed Resources
many utilities are making investments to harden their distribution grids to increase their resilience to vLses. examples
include taking overhead feeders underground, increasing
network redundancy, and investing in smart grid technologies. as part of such hardening initiatives, utilities can also
invest in distributed resources that are strategically placed
near critical loads. such placement could help:
✔ reduce distribution bottlenecks
✔ allow special islanding schemes designed to minimize
the loss of critical loads
✔ mitigate negative consequences (e.g., stability or voltage issues) that may arise when the protection schemes
automatically disconnect a large amount of customerowned DG (for example, in response to a fault on a
feeder with a large penetration of renewables).
The Way Forward
the preceding discussion suggests that substantial further research is needed in the area of resilience analysis
and especially the recruitment of distributed resources in
support of resilience goals. the following is a partial list
of topics:
✔ frameworks for global optimization of distributed
resources, especially during emergency conditions
✔ data availability, monitoring systems, and communication requirements for leveraging distributed resources
for resilience
✔ load balancing and frequency regulation in microgrids
using distributed resources
✔ technical, legal, regulatory, and economic issues
related to multicustomer microgrids
✔ issues related to protection schemes, such as:
* how may distributed resources ride through faults at
the discretion of the grid operator?
* what protection capabilities would need to be added
to distribution networks to allow the safe operation
of multicustomer microgrids?
september/october 2014
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2014
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2014 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2014 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2014 - 1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2014 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2014 - 3
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2014 - 96
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2014 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2014 - Cover4
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