IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 33
that are derived from transformational technologies such
as der proliferation. such challenges are usually comprised
under the "utility death spiral" theory and have prompted
utilities to request the introduction of fixed charges to electricity rates and prompted renewed interest in rate design,
including those recently implemented in Arizona and
nevada. it is worth noting that disruptive changes, for example, the possibility of grid defection and load defection, may
impact foundational infrastructure. For instance, the potential emergence of community microgrids (see the ones shown
in Figure 3) and self-supply as alternatives for end users can
lead to the advent of hybrid grids and eventually prompt
the occurrence of distributed grids, with transmission and
distribution systems serving as integration platforms. This
architecture is more likely to arise as clusters in regions
with favorable regulation and resources, while more traditional grid architectures are likely to remain prevalent in
regions with low penetration levels of ders. Finally, on the
resources side, the introduction of new technologies for the
inspection and maintenance of transmission and distribution
lines, such as drones and robots, and the growing availability of real-time monitoring are expected to change the way
these activities are performed and
improve overall efficiency.
Organization and
Processes
Achieving the vision and goals of
the utility of the future requires
engineering, planning, and operating a dynamic, active, and complex grid and empowering customers to actively interact with service
providers and providing them with
the option of engaging in market
transactions. This transformational
vision entails updating existing
processes and implementing new
engineering procedures. These
upgraded or new activities are also
likely to require organizational
changes and resources with new
skills and qualifications. examples of these changes include the
formation of new organizations
within utilities and processes dedicated to planning, engineering,
maintenance, and operations activities pertaining to the smart
grid, ders, distribution management systems (dMss), and AMis,
as well as the growing interest in
incorporating ders into the transmission and distribution planning
processes. The latter includes estiseptember/october 2016
mating benefits derived from der proliferation and considering ders as part of the portfolio of options available
to utilities to address system expansion needs. one of the
flagship industry initiatives in this regard is california's distribution resources plan (drP) implemented by the california Public utilities commission, which requires the state's
investor-owned utilities to incorporate distributed generation,
distributed energy storage, demand response, electric vehicles, and energy efficiency measures into their planning processes. on the resources side, a key trade of the workforce of
the future is multidisciplinary training, which, in the specific
case of engineering personnel, includes having knowledge
not only of power systems but also of information and communications systems, computer science, power electronics,
automation, and control, among others.
Standards and Models
The introduction of a plethora of new power system components and the foreseen growing reliance on real-time data
exchange (discussed in more detail in the "enabling layer"
section) has prompted an increasing need to review, update,
and/or develop new engineering standards to address key
Subtransmission
Distribution
Substation
Full
Substation
Microgrid
G
G
Full Feeder
Microgrid
SingleCustomer
G Microgrid
G
Normally
Open Tie
G
G
Partial
Feeder
Microgrid
Neighbor
Feeder
G
Secondary
System
Microgrid
G
SingleCustomer
Microgrid
figure 3. This hierarchical microgrid is an example of the grid architectures being
explored to enable the highly distributed grid concept and maximize reliability and
resiliency under a wide variety of contingency conditions and locations as well as
DER and load-balance scenarios. (Source: Sandia National Laboratory.)
ieee power & energy magazine
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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016
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