IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2020 - 49

Pumped
Storage Hydro
Then
and
Now

By Peter J. Donalek

F

AQUEDUCT-©ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/SENTAVIOW,
HYDROELECTRIC STATION-©ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/BIGMOUSE108

FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS, PEOPLE HAVE BEEN
harnessing water to perform work. Archeologists have discovered ancient cities where water was stored in natural or
human-made reservoirs to provide potable water and irrigate
crops. Therefore, pumped storage as part of modern electric
grids has deep historic roots.

A Short History of Hydropower
The history of pumped storage hydro begins when Archimedes built the screw lift pump, followed by the Romans, who
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MPE.2020.3001418
Date of current version: 19 July 2020

september/october 2020

built reservoirs with aqueducts to divert river water and direct
it to cities using the force of gravity. The Roman aqueducts,
with gravity flow, are considered the discharge mode of the
pumped storage process. Roman engineers are credited with
the construction of water wheel-powered mills used to grind
wheat into flour as early as the first century B.C.E.
In The Netherlands (Holland) and in eastern England
(Fens and East Anglia), windmills were constructed to harness wind power. Windmills were built to convert the kinetic
energy of the wind into mechanical energy (torque and rotation). The torque turned grist mills to grind wheat into flour,
and in other locations, windmills were used to pump water
and drain low-lying areas.

1540-7977/20©2020IEEE

ieee power & energy magazine

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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2020

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