IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - 24
Secrets of
Successful
Integration
Operating Experience
With High Levels of Variable,
Inverter-Based Generation
T
THE UTILITY INDUSTRY IS EVOLVING QUICKLY IN
response to mounting public pressure for cleaner electricity
and overall cleaner energy. An increasing number of countries such as Denmark, states such as Hawai'i and California, and utilities such as American Electric Power and Xcel
Energy have goals of 100% renewables or 100% carbon-free
emissions. Renewable technologies include wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, hydroelectric, and others; carbon-free
technologies typically include renewables, carbon capture
and storage, and nuclear.
Wind and solar photovoltaics (PVs) dominate renewable energy additions worldwide and represented 84% of
all new renewable capacity installed in 2018. Wind power
and PVs can create two key challenges for utilities. First,
they are variable energy resources (VERs), which can
make system balancing more challenging. Many mitigation options are available to manage moderate levels
of VERs, including improved forecasting, more interconnections with other regions to smooth wind/solar/
demand profiles, faster dispatch intervals, more flexible
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MPE.2019.2930855
Date of current version: 18 October 2019
24
ieee power & energy magazine
capabi l it y a nd op eration of the overall
generator mix, demand
response measures, and
energy storage. Very high VER
levels may require flexibility from other energy sectors,
such as transportation or heating, as is detailed in the
article, "Flexibility From Energy Systems Integration,"
in this issue.
Second, wind technology, PVs, and battery energy storage are inverter-based resources (IBRs). Even a moderate
level of wind and PV power generation on an annual basis
can lead to high instantaneous penetrations, which can
be challenging in many ways. Decreasing system inertia,
lower short circuit strength, fault behavior from inverters,
and other factors are sources of concern as synchronous
machines continue to be displaced by IBRs. A grid based on
nonsynchronous control paradigms requires new technologies and is discussed in this issue's article on grid-forming
converters. We refer to wind and PV power generation as
VERs when discussing the variable aspect of these resources
and as IBRs when discussing the nonsynchronous nature of
these resources.
1540-7977/19©2019IEEE
november/december 2019
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - Cover3
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