IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - 83

Significant parts of the standards are generally valuable
for other converter-connected generation, such as
solar photovoltaics.
standard due to the gravity of its importance for North America.
The plan is for approval and adoption by the end of 2021. In the
meantime, utilities should be working to ensure that their interconnection requirements are adequately clear and encompassing
to enable reliable operation and performance of inverter-based
resources connecting the BPS.

The North American Electric
Reliability Corporation
The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)
includes two industry stakeholder groups that are helping drive
reliability improvements and advanced capabilities across North
America: the NERC Inverter-Based Resource Performance Task
Force (IRPTF) and the NERC System Planning Impacts of Distributed Energy Resources Working Group (SPIDERWG).
IRPTF has supported the analysis of large-scale disturbances
involving solar PV resources, which has led to the identification
of abnormal and undesired performance with solar fleets. Working collaboratively with industry stakeholders, including the
inverter manufacturers, many of these performance issues have
been mitigated. IRPTF developed the NERC reliability guideline "BPS-Connected Inverter-Based Resource Performance,"
which specifies the recommended behavior and performance of
inverter-based resources connected to the BPS. This guideline is
also serving as valuable input to IEEE P2800.
SPIDERWG was recently formed to focus on DERs from the
perspective of transmission planning and system analysis. This
group is focusing on four key aspects of how DERs affect BPS:
modeling, verification, studies, and coordination. As the penetration of DERs continues across North America, transmission entities need to ensure they have the tools, capabilities, and study
techniques to understand how DERs affect the BPS. SPIDERWG
is focused on developing recommended practices and guidelines
on these topics to advance transmission planning studies that
take into consideration the rapid penetration of DERs.

technology continues to evolve, this needs to be a key consideration during standards development-clarity in requirements
for specific technologies balanced with consistency in requirements across technologies.
In North America, the NERC reliability standards apply to
those resources that meet the definition of a bulk electric system. That would include aggregated resources, such as wind and
solar plants, larger than 75 MVA. However, most newly interconnecting resources do not meet this size threshold. For these,
therefore, the NERC standards do not apply. In these cases, it is
paramount that the local utility requirements be leveraged for
such resources. These requirements should ensure reliable operation and performance, covering everything from protection and
control to performance and modeling.
As the penetration level of inverter-connected generation
increases, new reliability issues are arising, and others are likely
to surface. These include the following:
✔ Active power-frequency control: The integrity of frequency response can be compromised at high instantaneous penetrations of wind power generation, especially
in islanded networks. Monitoring and managing system
inertia is one technique being used. Excessive rate-ofchange of frequency following the largest contingency
could result in cascaded tripping if generator units are
not designed to ride through. Increasing the ride-through
requirement above the IEC limit of 0.5 Hz/s is being reviewed in Ireland. Providing fast frequency support from
wind plants is also under consideration.
✔ Reactive power-voltage control performance of BPSconnected inverter-based resources: New inverter-based

Grid Codes

Standards

Key Standardization Challenges
At the forefront of standards development and grid code compliance is the goal of ensuring a minimum level of performance
and reliability while not being overly prescriptive (Figure 3).
Standards are often written as "technology agnostic"; however,
this has led to requirements that are not clear for newer technologies, resulting in uncertainty as to the intent and activities
necessary to be compliant with the standards. Standards developers should ensure that the intent of codes and requirements
remains neutral in terms of technology while still providing
clarity and consistency regarding specific technologies. As
november/december 2019

Technology
(Wind, Solar, BESSs)

Policy

Markets

figure 3. Aspects of codes, standards, and policy on technology. BESSs: battery energy storage systems.
ieee power & energy magazine

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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - Cover3
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