IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019 - 98

Grid operators, manufactures, researchers, and policy makers must
continually discuss conditions under which GFM technology is
needed and performance requirements should be clearly defined.
characteristics, a dynamics time scale of 3-10 times faster than
present systems could be achieved in a secure way.

Summary
Several interconnected systems already have reached or are
expected to reach very high penetration levels of IBPSs in
the near future, which leads to operating challenges mainly
associated with reduced system strength, synchronous inertia, and black start capability. Some SOs in these areas have
determined the required levels of system strength and synchronous inertia below which action is needed.
In recent years, GFM technology has been intensively
discussed as a possible solution to these issues. Researchers are developing alternative GFM control strategies and
studies show that only a portion of IBPSs need to be GFM
to ensure secure system operation. The studies also demonstrate the compatibility of various GFM control strategies
used within one power system.
Several actual projects, mainly in small isolated systems,
successfully demonstrate the feasibility of GFM technology.
However, the lack of clear functional requirements and low
number of use cases do not provide a sufficient incentive for
manufacturers to develop commercial GFM IBPSs for bulk
power system applications. Market signals are desirable, where
possible. No one-size-fits-all solution is suitable; combinations
of GFM, GFL, and synchronous machines need to be considered with a detailed cost-benefit analysis in each case.
Grid operators, manufactures, researchers, and policy makers must continually discuss conditions under which GFM technology is needed and performance requirements should be clearly
defined in grid codes or standards. Manufacturers then can
develop equipment with new capabilities that balance performance and costs. This dialogue is crucial to maintain secure and
efficient system operation with a high penetration of IBPSs.

For Further Reading
ENTSO-E. (2017). "High penetration of power electronic
interfaced power sources (HPoPEIPS)." [Online]. Available: https://consultations.entsoe.eu/system-development/
entso-e-connection-codes-implementation-guidance-d-3/
user_uploads/igd-high-penetration-of-power-electronicinterfaced-power-sources.pdf
R. Lerna et al., "Effects of VSM convertor control on
penetration limits of non-synchronous generation in the GB
power system," in Proc. 15th Int. Workshop Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power, Vienna, Austria, Nov. 2016. [Online]. Available: https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/58052/
98

ieee power & energy magazine

EPRI, "Guidelines for studies on weak grids with inverter
based resources: A path from screening metrics and positive
sequence simulations to point on wave simulations," Rep.
3002013639, Palo Alto, CA, 2018.
D. Ramasubramanian, E. Farantatos, S. Ziaeinejad, and
A. Mehrizi-Sani, "Operation paradigm of an all converter
interfaced generation bulk power system," IET Generation,
Transmission Distribution, vol. 12, no. 19, pp. 4240-4248.
Oct. 2018. doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5179.
IEEE/NERC Task Force on Short-Circuit and System
Performance Impact of Inverter Based Generation. "Impact
of inverter based generation on bulk power system dynamics
and short-circuit performance," IEEE PES Tech. Rep. PESTR68, July 2018. [Online]. Available: https://resourcecenter
.ieee-pes.org/technical-publications/technical-reports/PES_
TR_7-18_0068.html
T. Jouini, U. Markovic, and D. Groß, "Control and operation of a grid with 100% converter-based devices-New options for existing system services and needs for new system
services," Deliverable (D3.3) Report, MIGRATE project,
Dec. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.h2020-migrate
.eu/downloads.html

Biographies
Julia Matevosyan is with the Electric Reliability Council of
Texas, Austin.
Babak Badrzadeh is with Australian Energy Market Operator, Melbourne.
Thibault Prevost is with Réseau de Transport d'Électricité,
Paris, France.
Eckard Quitmann is with ENERCON, Aurich, Germany.
Deepak Ramasubramanian is with the Electric Power
Research Institute, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Helge Urdal is with Urdal Power Solutions, Otley, West
Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
Sebastian Achilles is with GE Power, Schenectady, New
York.
Jason MacDowell is with GE Power, Schenectady, New
York
Shun Hsien Huang is with the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Austin.
Vijay Vital is with Arizona State University, Phoenix.
Jon O'Sullivan is with EirGrid, Dublin, Ireland.
Ryan Quint is with North American Electric Reliability
Corporation, Atlanta, Georgia.
p&e
november/december 2019

https://resourcecenter.ieee-pes.org/technical-publications/technical-reports/PES_TR_7-18_0068.html https://resourcecenter.ieee-pes.org/technical-publications/technical-reports/PES_TR_7-18_0068.html https://resourcecenter.ieee-pes.org/technical-publications/technical-reports/PES_TR_7-18_0068.html https://www.h2020-migrate.eu/downloads.html https://www.h2020-migrate.eu/downloads.html https://consultations.entsoe.eu/system-development/entso-e-connection-codes-implementation-guidance-d-3/user_uploads/igd-high-penetration-of-power-electronic-interfaced-power-sources.pdf https://consultations.entsoe.eu/system-development/entso-e-connection-codes-implementation-guidance-d-3/user_uploads/igd-high-penetration-of-power-electronic-interfaced-power-sources.pdf https://consultations.entsoe.eu/system-development/entso-e-connection-codes-implementation-guidance-d-3/user_uploads/igd-high-penetration-of-power-electronic-interfaced-power-sources.pdf https://consultations.entsoe.eu/system-development/entso-e-connection-codes-implementation-guidance-d-3/user_uploads/igd-high-penetration-of-power-electronic-interfaced-power-sources.pdf https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/58052/

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2019

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