IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020 - 57

as a result of variation in local generation, other countermeasures are installed, such as a static var compensator
(SVC). However, the additional reactive power flow reduces
the voltage at the connecting point within the operational
range and tends to reduce the voltage between the feeder
head and the distributed energy resource, as in Figure 16.
The figure shows a case for accommodating approximately
5 MW of PV generation on a 15-km span of feeder A of

the grid voltage deviates from the specified range because of a
power injection from PV and other power plants, the connection code requires generation units to limit their output.
For residential and other generation units connected to
a low-voltage distribution grid, the grid connection code
(revised in March 2017) requires a standard power factor of
95% to avoid a voltage increase caused by a power injection.
If grid voltages still fluctuate out of the operational range

Voltage Drop
220/66-kV
Grid Transformer
Usual Power Flow

66/6-kV
Distribution Transformer

Demand

Transmission Line
Thermal and
Other Power
Plants

Distribution Line

Power Flow Accompanying Renewable Energy Connection
(In Clear Weather and Similar Conditions)
Voltage Rise

6,800

6,800

6,700

6,700

6,600

6,600

6,500
Operating
Range

6,400
6,300

(V)

(V)

figure 15. The difficulty of voltage management in a distribution grid. (Source: Kyushu EPCO; used with permission.)

6,500
6,400
6,300
6,200

6,200
6,100

6,100

Monitored

6,000
12 a.m.

6 a.m.

12 p.m.

6 p.m.

6,000
12 a.m.

Midnight

6 a.m.

(a)
30

Load: 2,089 kW Load: 435 kW Load: 304 kW

LRT

30
3.96 km

6 p.m.

Midnight

(b)
10

10

12 p.m.

51
Number : Switch With a Sensor
60

51
5.62 km

56

1.72 km
1,990 kW

57

52

1,260 kW

11.3 km

62
0.93 km

3.87 km

15.2 km

69

4.85 km

1,500 kW
17.1 km

(c)

figure 16. The voltage deviation in a distribution system. (a) A sunny day with significant PV generation. (b) A rainy day with
little PV generation. (c) The line diagram. LRT: load ratio control transformer. (Source: Kyushu EPCO; used with permission.)
november/december 2020

ieee power & energy magazine

57

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020 - 2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2020 - Cover4
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