IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 107

the tradit ional role and economy
of CHPs in the Danish energy system.
(Figure 8).
Change Readiness?
Reflections from the
Past and Looking into
the Future
In the future, large-scale industrial heat
pumps and the various short-term and
long-term thermal storage
capacities of district
heating infrastructures
may facilitate the energy
flexibility and sector
coupling processes needed
for the integration of
increasing ratios of intermittent
renewables
into the Danish gr id.
Such and similar technical
combinations are only
just being integrated into
the Danish energy system.
Visionary politicians
and members of the public
did push for environmental
awareness in Danish energy
planning and policy from
early on, and the story of
Denmark as a frontrunner
in the global race toward
low-carbon energy transitions
is a popular and widespread
narrative.
In this popular account of early cliThe
" obligation
to connect "
allowed
municipalities
to mandate the
connection
of municipal
building
stock to the
collectively
planned
local heat
infrastructures.
mate change action, some key factors
are sometimes strangely absent. For
example, the collective experiences
and the grievances associated with the
energy crisis in the 1970s, the role
and im portance of the North Sea oil
for the Danish economy and for the
emergent welfare state. Importantly,
while prioritizing renewable energy
technologies was an economic risk
initially, renewable energy technologies
and related know-how proved viable
exports.
As emphasized by the top WEC
ranking of the Danish energy system, it
now meets the policy priorities of energy
security, energy equity, and sustainability.
The small country of Denmark
also ranks among the top countries in
november/december 2021
the world on another list however: carbon
footprint per capita, lifestyle, consumption,
mobility, among others, are private
matters for Danish citizens. These are
not subject to any restrictions. Collective
memories of the energy crisis have faded
through time. Resistance to largescale
renewable energy infrastructure
projects now almost seem the norm
rather than the exception. Resistance
to large-scale renewable
energy infrastructure
projects now seem
almost more the norm
than the exception.
Would national-scale
and collective heat infrastructure
planning
processes similar to
those in the 1980s be
possible-and support -
ed-in Denmark today?
Some experts involved
in the energy planning
processes at the time
hold that it would not,
subtly suggesting that
the public now take absolute
security of supplies
for granted. Others
emphasize that although
end users may not be
very aware of their everyday
energy use, they
have noticed increasing
environmental awareness and concern
among the public.
Climate activism among particularly
younger generations and the
growing international push for more
political focus on global resource
limitations support the latter. Perhaps
local and national publics are,
albeit slowly, mobilizing readiness
for change.
For Further Reading
A. Chittum and P. A. P. A. Østergaard,
" How Danish communal heat planning
empowers municipalities and benefits
individual consumers, " Energy Policy,
vol. 74, pp. 465-474, Nov. 2014. doi:
10.1016/j.enpol.2014.08.001.
B. A. Christensen and C. JensenButler,
" Energy and urban structure:
Heat planning in Denmark, " Progr.
Plan., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 57-132, 1982.
doi: 10.1016/0305-9006(82)90008-3.
S. Frederiksen and S. Werner,
District Heating and Cooling, 1st ed.
Lund, Sweden: Studentlitteratur AB.
2013.
H. Lund et al., " 4th Generation District
Heating (4GDH). Integrating smart
thermal grids into future sustainable
energy systems, " Energy, vol. 68, pp.
1-11, Apr. 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.
2014.02.089.
B. O. G. Mortensen, P. A. Truelsen,
and L. Christensen, Varmeforsyningsloven
med kommentarer,
2nd ed. Copenhagen: Karnov Group,
2018.
A. Skov and J. Å. S. Petersen, Dansk
Fjernvarme i 50 år. 1957-2007.
Kolding, Denmark: Clausen Offset
ApS, 2007
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