IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 19

T
THE GLOBAL, RAPID EVOLUTION OF POWER SYStems
introduces a wide array of technologies that use power
electronics to interface with the grid. As the generation portfolio
changes, synchronous equipment that traditionally provided
services necessary for stable grid operation is being
displaced by inverter-based resources (IBRs), such as wind,
solar photovoltaic, and battery storage. In the next few years,
with the ever-growing dependence on IBRs, some synchronous
areas will be operating, at least occasionally, with
100% (or nearly 100%) IBRs (see " What Is 100%? " ). Therefore,
IBRs must become a primary support of stable grids.
This article delves into the services and functionalities
needed for the reliable operation of power systems with
high penetrations of IBRs, specifically focusing on fast
stability phenomena. Some services, such as those delivered
through synchronous inertia and synchronizing torque
functionalities, are not inherent in IBRs, as they are with
synchronous generators. Enabling them in IBRs may come
with additional costs. However, to unlock a future with high
IBR penetration, these services are essential. We explore the
delicate balance between system needs, critical operating
conditions, new technologies, and study tools.
Inverters in service today are predominantly " grid following "
(GFL). They have innate traits that are different from
synchronous generators. On the other hand, " grid-forming "
(GFM) inverters are being developed and becoming commercially
available. They can be designed to satisfy the essential
system needs that synchronous machines fulfill (see " Grid
Following Versus Grid Forming " ).
Figure 1 presents characteristics and services associated
with inverters and synchronous machines. Many services are
possible for both to deliver: voltage, frequency, and stability
november/december 2021
ieee power & energy magazine
19

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Cover3
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