IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 33

planning due to sustained periods of low renewable production
conditions. This could cause longer and larger disruptions-even
if the probability of these events occurring is
lower than historical norms. Improved use of RA metrics
can avoid this challenge.
Principle 2: There is No Such Thing
as a Perfect Capacity Resource
As Principle 1 suggests, some capacity shortfalls may consist
of frequent but short-duration events, while others may
be infrequent but long-duration events. Mitigation strategies
should be specified accordingly because different resources
bring different capabilities. Battery energy storage may be
well-suited to solve frequent, short-duration shortages, while
demand response may be better suited for large, infrequent
events. Additional resources like long-duration storage,
hydro, and thermal generation may be required for longduration
capacity shortages spanning days or weeks.
The fossil fleet is also weather-dependent. Gas turbines
have ambient derates due to high temperatures, have forced
outage rates that are considerably higher during extremely
cold conditions, and have a fuel supply that can be jeopardized
by competition with gas heating demand. Coal piles
freeze. Nuclear water supply quantities and temperature
can force reduced operations. This is illustrated in Figure 3,
which shows capacity out of service during recent cold
weather events being three to four times the annual average.
Availability considerations due to weather and intraresource
correlations should be applied to all resource types,
not just VRE.
RA analyses should create a framework that reflects the
fact that there is no perfect resource, the thermal capacity is
not always necessary or the only option, and all resources
have limitations based on weather, outages, flexibility constraints,
and common points of failure.
Effective load carrying capability (ELCC) is a useful
metric to evaluate reliability contributions and correlated
output within and between resource types. Numerous studies
suggest that the ELCC of a resource type is highly dependent
on the underlying resource mix and the load profile-both
Solar Only
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
5
05 10
4-h
Storage Only
Capacity Value:
8.3 GW
15
Hour of Day
Solar + 4-h
Storage Portfolio
Portfolio
Capacity
Value:
15.2 GW
Individual Solar + 4-h
Storage Capacity
Value:
13.5 GW
+
Diversity Benefit:
1.7 GW
05 10
15
Hour of Day
20
05 10
15
Hour of Day
figure 4. The opportunity for synergistic resources for capacity value. (Source: E3; used with permission.)
november/december 2021
ieee power & energy magazine
33
20
20
Capacity Value:
5.2 GW
Load (GW)

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 26
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 27
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 28
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 29
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 30
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 31
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 32
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 33
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 34
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 35
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 36
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 37
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 38
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 39
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 40
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 47
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 48
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 51
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 52
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 54
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 55
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 58
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 59
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 60
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 77
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 78
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 79
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 80
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 82
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 84
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 85
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 86
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 87
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 88
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 90
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 91
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 92
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 93
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 94
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 95
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 96
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 97
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 98
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 99
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 100
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 101
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 102
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 103
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 104
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 105
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 106
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 107
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 108
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 109
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 110
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 111
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 112
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 113
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 114
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 115
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 116
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_gridedge_2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050622
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030422
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010222
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111221
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070821
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050621
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030421
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010221
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111220
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com