IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 53

This entire process is further complicated by the fact that
restoration is often done under difficult conditions with
uncertain and imperfect information.
charged storage energy). The second challenge is to extend the
capability of IBRs to allow the creation and control of stable
voltage waveforms (grid-forming inverters).
Solutions exist for these challenges but have not yet been
integrated into the power system at a relevant scale. Each
subsequent step in the restoration process represents a complex
data-acquisition and decision-making process to ensure
that each stage is safe and viable. The physical capability
of the " pieces " (substations, lines, distribution feeders, and
more generators) as they are being reassembled must be
respected, and there must be sufficient control range in the
controllable elements to maintain an acceptable voltage, frequency,
and power balance.
This entire process is further complicated by the fact
that restoration is often done under difficult conditions with
uncertain and imperfect information. For example, following
a blackout due to destructive weather, system elements may
be damaged and unavailable, and information about the state
and availability of components may be imperfect. Therefore,
restoration plans and training must consider impaired system
states, and the design of generators must include reasonable
fallback settings in the event of communication failure.
How to Organize It?
Making the power system work physically is only half the challenge.
It must also be organized commercially and institutionally
table 5. Planning Research Program questions.
37) What additional probabilistic planning methods and tools are necessary for planning a power system with a high share of IBRs
and, in particular, VRE resources?
38) What studies and metrics are required to identify long-term scarcity of capacity to maintain reliability?
39) What additional methods and tools are necessary to incorporate resilience concepts and the ability to recover
from adverse conditions considering uncertain future states into planning a power system with a high share of
renewables?
40) What additional planning models and methods are needed to plan for various levels of uncertainty and no-regrets
investments in a paradigm of increasing electrification and growing IBR and DER penetrations?
41) How should sufficient black-start capability and the performance and integrity of the protection system be modeled in longterm
reliability studies?
42) What features need to be added to long-term planning methods and studies to consider other reliability services in addition to
traditional resource adequacy and deliverability?
43) How can system security be balanced against lower costs for operation and investment?
44) What studies and metrics are required to evaluate resource adequacy with hybrid plants (e.g., PV-plus-storage systems) and
virtual power plants?
45) How do system operators adequately account for extreme events in planning studies, particularly those that impact the
resources used in a high-renewable-energy future (wind, solar, demand-side flexibility)?
46) What mechanisms are necessary to accurately model and account for DERs in planning exercises to ensure a reliable power
system is being planned? What data are necessary to accurately model various levels/paradigms of DER control, including
influence on underfrequency load-shedding schemes?
47) What additional load- and resource-forecasting models are necessary to account for electrification of the transportation and
building sectors?
48) What changes can be incorporated into the transmission planning process to accommodate new drivers of uncertainty in
electricity demand (e.g., large growth due to electrification or low growth due to increased use of DERs)?
49) What additional planning models and methods are needed to plan for a system that can withstand expected or unexpected
lulls in the weather driving much of the resource mix, e.g. an extended wind drought?
50) What are appropriate aggregate DER models and methods for inclusion in transmission-level modeling?
51) What models and methods are necessary to quantify the need and requirements for long-duration energy storage?
november/december 2021
ieee power & energy magazine
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021
