IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 61

Point-to-point flows of HVdc may make it a superior
solution for long-distance transfers to avoid issues on the
underlying network and for managing interregional operations
and market transactions. A macrogrid potentially adds
another layer of market operations and coordination to existing
grid management. Research is needed to explore options
for the operations and operability of such a system in a
secure and economic manner.
It is computationally difficult for a capacity expansion
model to optimize a macrogrid for a large, complex transmission
network, such as that of the United States. Studies
tend to stitch together regional models, seed the models with
the locations of transmission hubs, and evaluate extensive
scenarios to assess the value of the resulting grid options.
ZeroByFifty is unique in that it models the entire contiguous
United States simultaneously, along with a selection of HVdc
transmission lines that are competing with other options
(storage, ac transmission, generation, and DERs). The
expansion model algorithm selects lines it deems are the
most cost-effective resources from the various alternatives.
These studies found that macrogrids save money, especially
when decarbonization goals are more aggressive:
✔ The MIT study found the nationally optimized transmission
system to be the least costly scenario to
achieve a decarbonized energy system. The nationalscale,
cost-optimized transmission system added tens
of gigawatts of transmission capacity within and between
planning areas, including 29 GW of new HVdc
capacity between the EI and WI and 74 GW between
ERCOT and the EI [Figure 4(a)].
Total Megawatts
7,500-12,500
500-1,500
1-500
3,500-7,500
1,500-3,500
HVdc
(a)
(b)
/ = 3-GW Transmission
National HVDC
Transmission Network
(c)
figure 4. (a) The MIT study's " transmission representation " with green, orange, and red lines depicting transmission that
is regional, interregional within interconnections, and HVdc interregional across interconnections, respectively; (b) the Interconnections
Seam Study's HVdc macrogrid; and (c) ZeroByFifty's HVdc Interstate Transmission Network. The transmission
shown here is not meant to represent actual routing but rather the connectivity and transfer capacities among states,
regions, or interconnections.
november/december 2021
ieee power & energy magazine
61

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021

Contents
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