IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 64

Is Storage a Transmission Replacement?
Storage and transmission may augment each other and both
will be needed to decarbonize the grid. The amount of storage
needed may be reduced by taking advantage of an optimized
transmission system, but storage plus transmission will give system
operators the flexibility to maintain reliability at lowest cost.
For 40% renewable penetration, the RIIA's storage-only optimization
led to an expensive solution, with 16 GW of new storage.
Transmission-plus-storage optimization provided a far cheaper
solution (0.5 GW of storage), imposed the least curtailment of
renewable generation, and enabled the storage to be utilized more
fully. The transmission-only optimization was only marginally
more expensive than the transmission-plus-storage solution.
The MIT study included a broad sensitivity analysis,
showing that inexpensive, flexible nuclear reduced the
amount of transmission required, while increased electrification
or tightened renewable siting constraints increased the
need for transmission. The combination of low-cost wind/
PVs/batteries with nationally optimized transmission had the
least cost of all the sensitivity cases considered.
ZeroByFifty examined hydrogen production and utilization
as a long-duration storage mechanism and found that
more transmission was needed with the hydrogen scenarios.
Given the expenses associated with the transport of hydrogen
(leakage, transport efficiency, and so on), the study found
it cheaper to produce the hydrogen closer to its utilization
10
20
30
40
50
10
Renewable Energy Penetration Levels (%)
(a)
20
30
40
50
Renewable Energy Penetration Levels (%)
(b)
10
20
30
40
50
10
Renewable Energy Penetration Levels (%)
(c)
Type of Equipment
Controls Tuning
Battery 30 min
Switched Shunt
Renewable Overbuild
Power System Stabilizer
STATCOM
HVdc
HVac Line + Transformer
figure 5. The results from the RIIA, showing the mitigations needed for (a) system balancing; (b) steady-state stability;
(c) dynamic stability; and (d) the sum of resource adequacy, system balancing, steady state, and dynamic stability.
The y-axis of increased complexity is determined by the cost of mitigation options. STACOM: static synchronous
compensation.
64
ieee power & energy magazine
november/december 2021
20
30
40
50
Renewable Energy Penetration Levels (%)
(d)
Dispatch Adjustment
Synchronous Condenser
Generation Combined Cycle
Incremental
Incremental
Complexity by Technology Type
Complexity by Technology Type
Incremental
Incremental
Complexity by Technology Type
Complexity by Technology Type

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021

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