IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 67

How Much, How Soon?
Carbon-Free
Energy
T
By Ric O'Connell,
Amol Phadke,
Michael O'Boyle,
Christopher T. Clack,
Paul Denholm, and
Bernhard Ernst
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MPE.2021.3104130
Date of current version: 18 October 2021
november/december 2021
THE SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS IS THAT CARBON EMISSIONS
need to reach net zero by 2050 to stabilize a global temperature rise
below 2 °C. Many studies have focused on reaching net zero in the
power sector by 2050 and have posited the need for clean firm power
sources. Resources such as nuclear, fossil generation with carbon
capture and sequestration, or other technologies would be needed to
complement variable wind and solar generation.
This 2050 target has been the focus of most global decarbonization
efforts, but attention has been shifting to a 2030 target to halve
global climate emissions. Recent work has focused on accelerating
near-term power sector targets. It explores how soon and how much
decarbonization the power sector could support with available commercial
technology, such as weather-dependent renewables, shortduration
battery storage, and transmission expansion. In addition to
accelerating time frames, the forecasted share of weather-dependent
renewables is increasing as we gain a better understanding of weather
variability and the role of short-term battery storage and transmission.
Recent work has explored accelerating clean electricity goals in
the United States to 90% by 2035, comparable to President Joe Biden's
clean energy goal for a 100% zero-carbon electricity system by 2035.
" The 2035 Report, " released in mid-2020, shows how the United
States could reach 90% carbon-free energy by maintaining its existing
carbon-free energy sources (hydro and nuclear) and deploying
1540-7977/21©2021IEEE
ieeepower & energy magazine
67
©SHUTTERSTOCK.COM/VECTOR IMAGE PLUS

http://www.SHUTTERSTOCK.COM/VECTOR

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 26
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 27
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 28
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 29
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 30
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 31
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 32
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 33
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 34
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 35
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 36
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 37
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 38
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 39
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 40
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 47
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 48
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 51
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 52
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 54
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 55
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 58
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 59
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 60
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 77
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 78
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 79
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 80
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 82
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 84
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 85
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 86
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 87
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 88
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 90
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 91
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 92
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 93
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 94
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 95
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 96
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 97
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 98
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 99
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 100
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 101
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 102
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 103
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 104
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 105
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 106
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 107
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 108
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 109
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 110
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 111
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 112
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 113
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 114
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 115
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - 116
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_gridedge_2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050622
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030422
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010222
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111221
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070821
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050621
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030421
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010221
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111220
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com