IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Grid Edge 2023 - 84

1,000
500
46 810
Time (s)
500
46 810
Time (s)
1.5
0.5
1
46 810
Time (s)
60
40
20
46 810
Time (s)
Without GFM
With GFM
figure 4. The simulation results showing that one GFM IBPS in a portion of a North American utility can ensure small
signal stability of the system upon islanding of that portion from the main grid. At 4 s, the entire system becomes an all
inverter system. In the case without GFM inverters, the controllers are not able to ensure a stable operation. At 8 s, a
three-phase bolted fault is applied on this all-inverter system.
Test Case 3
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
1
Time (s)
figure 5. A comparison of GFM (VSC1) and GFL (VSC2)
response to a step increase in the load. VSC: voltage source
converter.
✔ a dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC) that
mimics the behavior of a perfect inductance or capacitance
oscillator and self-synchronizes on a grid.
Although these controls have somewhat different implementations,
their behavior close to nominal conditions (in a
84
ieee power & energy magazine
1.5
VSC2
VSC1
2
small signal) is similar. The MIGRATE project investigated
the interoperability of GFMs and demonstrated that VSM,
frequency droop, and dVOC can operate on the same network
in a stable manner. The other controls have not been
similarly investigated, which does not mean that they are
incompatible. Moreover, these controls do not change the
fundamental system operation, as they recreate the linear
link between frequency and load imbalance. However, the
boundary between primary and secondary frequency control
and inertia might change with the shift in system dynamics.
GFM control creates a direct link between the ac network
and the dc side of the converter. This is one of the necessary
conditions to ensure stable ac system operation, but it means
that the dc side of the converter must be correctly modeled. For
example, a GFM IBPS will immediately react to an ac load
step change by drawing power from its dc side. An accurate
representation of this is necessary, since energy depletion on
the dc side will have a direct impact on the ac-side voltage.
Thus, a nonstiff dc bus could result in the coupling between
active power and voltage; this effect has been largely ignored in
power system analysis so far. An energy buffer is also required
november/december 2019
12
12
12
12
Active Power (pu)
Electrical
Frequency (Hz)
Voltage
(pu)
Reactive
Power (Mvar)
Active
Power (MW)

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Grid Edge 2023

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