IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2020 - 93
ω
A
θ
O
gráfico 2. Fasor giratorio cuya
proyección sobre el eje horizontal es
x(t) = A cos (~t+i).
Lo
ng
itu
d=
A
Po
Velocidad angular
ω Radián/s
sic
i
tie ón e
mp n e
ot
l
tante es la fracción de todo el periodo que ha transcurrido desde
que el punto en movimiento pasó
por última vez por su posición
media en dirección positiva.
Si bien la palabra vector no se utiliza
directamente en asociación con este
gráfico, la expresión radio-vector se
utiliza para describir la línea desde el
centro del círculo en otras versiones
del gráfico. En el gráfico 1, esa línea
es OQ.
En el momento de esta obra muy
temprana, no se pensó en utilizar el
diagrama o la idea de un movimiento
armónico simple para las aplicaciones
eléctricas: el libro considera las cosas
mecánicas. Sin embargo, no pasó mucho tiempo para que los electricistas
(como se llamaba entonces a los ingenieros eléctricos) apreciaran el método.
El uso de la electricidad era aparentemente "bien conocido" en 1897 cuando
W.E. Sumpner, en un documento de la
Royal Society, se refirió a T y T:
Desde hace muchos años, se
sabe que las variaciones de una
función armónica simple, como
A cos pt, pueden ser representadas por la proyección, sobre
una línea fija, de un vector de
longitud constante A que se supone que gira uniformemente
para completar una revolución
en un tiempo T dado por la re-
se convirtió en Lord Kelvin, y Tait fue
un colega suyo durante mucho tiempo.
El libro era ampliamente conocido, y
se llamaba simplemente T y T. El gráfico 1 se ha vuelto a dibujar a partir del
original. Se ofrece la siguiente descripción en asociación con el gráfico:
Cuando un punto Q se mueve
uniformemente en una circunferencia, la perpendicular QP
trazada desde su posición en
cualquier instante a un diámetro
fijo AA' de la circunferencia, intersecta el diámetro en un punto
P, cuya posición cambia por un
movimiento armónico simple.
El texto continúa describiendo el
movimiento y los términos utilizados.
Por ejemplo, fase se describe de la siguiente manera:
La Fase de un movimiento armónico simple en cualquier ins-
s
ne
ωt
a
di
a
R
el
en 0
n
=
ió
sic o t
Po emp
ti
es
dian
θ Ra
O
Acos(ωt + θ )
lación pT = 2r. El ángulo entre
el vector giratorio y la línea fija
es pt en cualquier instante t. En
la primera edición de la "Filosofía natural" de Thomson y Tait
(vol. 1, pág. 38, § 58) se muestra que dos funciones armónicas
simples de un período pueden
combinarse para formar una sola
función armónica simple del
mismo período, y que el vector,
que representa la función combinada, se obtiene a partir de las
que representan las funciones de
componentes mediante el proceso ordinario de adición vectorial.
Este dispositivo ha demostrado ser valioso para muchos
propósitos, pero ha resultado especialmente útil para problemas
de CA. Su uso a tales casos fue
señalado claramente por primera
vez por T.H. Blakesley más de 12
años antes.
Así, vemos que, antes de 1900, los
métodos de combinación de vectores
eran conocidos y utilizados en la ingeniería eléctrica. La obra de Blakesley a
la que se refiere es muy probablemente
su libro Alternating Currents of Electricity, publicado en 1885.
La palabra vector fue utilizada por
los ingenieros electricistas en 1897, es
decir, la línea desde el centro del círculo de rotación hasta el punto que se
mueve uniformemente en un círculo
cuya proyección proporciona la ecuación del movimiento armónico simple.
Es una abstracción doble. En primer
lugar, tenemos que asumir que la señal física puede ser representada como
una onda sinusoidal matemática; luego,
tenemos que ver que puede usarse un
vector (una línea giratoria) para generar la onda sinusoidal. Este uso de la
palabra para expresar una línea persistió sin cambios hasta mucho después de
la sugerencia de utilizar en su lugar la
palabra fasor en 1944.
Uso posterior a 1944
Adoptar la palabra
gráfico 3. Diagrama de fasores correspondiente al Gráfico 2, como suele enseñarse. En algunos libros, se le conoce como diagrama de Argand.
enero/febrero 2020
Después de 1944, la palabra fasor fue
adoptada de forma algo gradual. Su
ieee power & energy magazine
93
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2020
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2020
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2020 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2020 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2020 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2020 - Cover3
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