IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 103
La planta producía dínamos, lámparas
de arco y carbonos a un ritmo acelerado, y las ventas eran rápidas. El negocio aumentó tan rápidamente que,
en unos pocos meses, quedó claro que
la instalación de 1880 sería demasiado
pequeña. La empresa compró un lote
de seis acres, en el que se completó una
planta más grande en 1881 (figura 2).
El mismo año, el capital de la ahora
Brush Electric Company se incrementó
a US$ 3 millones.
Los ingresos provenían de las ventas
a usuarios privados y organizaciones
subsidiarias formadas para suministrar
la iluminación de una estación central
y de las ventas de derechos de patente.
La planta de 1881 casi duplicó su tamaño en 1886. Stockly era presidente para
entonces. Un informe de la empresa (en
el American Electrical Dictionary de
1886) de ese año afirmaba que la fábrica era " la obra eléctrica más grande del
mundo " y que " disfrutaba de la mayor
parte del negocio de las luces de arco " .
La figura 3 muestra la gran fábrica de
Brush, alrededor de 1888. En 1889,
Thomson-Houston tomó las riendas
de Brush Electric. Las circunstancias
que llevaron a esta adquisición se expondrán en el apartado " Competencia " .
Dínamos Brush
Antes de 1877, los fabricantes de dínamos de iluminación de tipo arco probaban sus máquinas principalmente para
determinar que los dispositivos harían
que las lámparas de arco produjeran
una luz satisfactoria. Las pruebas de
eficiencia no eran una prioridad alta y
se sabía poco sobre las eficiencias relativas de las diferentes marcas de dínamos. En el otoño de 1877, el Instituto
Franklin, en Filadelfia, inició pruebas
sistemáticas de las dínamos Brush,
Gramme y Wallace-Farmer. Las dínamos Siemens no se probaron porque no
se puso una máquina a disposición. Las
máquinas Brush y Wallace-Farmer
incluían lámparas de arco proporcionadas por esas empresas, pero, como
se señala en el Journal of the Franklin
Institute, el Instituto Franklin " estableció rápidamente la idoneidad de
la lámpara Brush como fuente de luz
enero/febrero 2021
para todas las máquinas " . Al final de
las pruebas, en la primavera de 1878,
un comité evaluó los resultados y concluyó que " la pequeña máquina Brush,
aunque algo menos económica que la
máquina Gramme, o la gran máquina
Brush, para la producción general de
luz y de corrientes eléctricas es, de las
diversas máquinas experimentadas, la
mejor adaptada a los fines del Instituto por las siguientes razones: Se adapta admirablemente a la producción de
corrientes de fuerza electromotriz muy
variable y produce una buena iluminación... Su reparación es muy sencilla " .
Zénobe Theophile Gramme (18261901), nacido en Bélgica, inventó una
dínamo más adecuada que las anteriores para usos industriales. En asociación con el ingeniero eléctrico francés
Hippolyte Fontaine (1833-1910), fundó la Société des Machines Magnéto-Électriques Gramme, en Francia,
en 1871, que comenzó a fabricar las dínamos en 1872. Brush decidió diseñar
una dínamo más adecuada que la máquina Gramme para la iluminación de
tipo arco comercial. Construyó su primera dínamo en 1876 en la granja de su
padre, con componentes fabricados en
Telegraph Supply y con otras piezas. A
falta de una máquina de vapor, conec-
tó el dispositivo a una cinta tirada por
caballos utilizada para aserrar madera.
Funcionó. Presentó una solicitud de
patente el 11 de noviembre de 1876. El
24 de abril de 1877 se emitió la patente
número 189,997.
Brush diseñó sus dínamos (figura 4)
para alimentar de manera óptima una
corriente constante a múltiples lámparas de arco en serie. La armadura,
el conmutador y la disposición de los
imanes de campo (figura 5) diferían
del diseño de Gramme. La armadura
circular de Gramme giraba sobre un
eje entre los polos magnéticos de campo arriba y abajo, ejerciendo una fuerte
acción de inducción solo sobre el borde
exterior de la armadura. Brush utilizó
dos imanes de campo en forma de U,
uno frente al otro, a través de un espacio
en el que giraba una armadura circular,
por lo que ambos lados de la armadura
estaban expuestos a la influencia inductiva de los imanes de campo.
La armadura de " bobina abierta " de
Brush no tenía precedentes. Sus bobinas de alambre no estaban conectadas
en un solo circuito (bobina cerrada).
En cambio, solo se conectó cada par de
bobinas diametralmente opuestas, con
los dos extremos libres del conductor
así formados unían a segmentos dia-
figura 4. La dínamo Brush n.º 8 de 40 luces de 1880. Tenía 89 pulgadas de
largo × 28 de ancho × 36 de alto, pesaba 4,800 libras y se usaba con lámparas
de 2,000 velas en serie. (Fuente: The Brush Electric Light (La luz eléctrica de
Brush). Cleveland, Ohio: Brush Electric Company, 1881).
ieee power & energy magazine
103
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover3
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