IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 105
electromotriz exacta en una bobina separada de la armadura...
Lámparas de arco de
Brush
Brush presentó su primera solicitud de patente para una lámpara de arco el 28 de septiembre de
1877; la patente 203,411 se emitió el
7 de mayo de 1878. Las lamparas de
arco Brush tuvieron mucho éxito debido a su construcción simple, que no
incluía ningún mecanismo de relojería
(figura 6). Se pueden operar hasta 16 o
más lámparas de arco Brush en serie,
impulsadas por la dínamo Brush n.º 7, y
cada juego de carbono dura aproximadamente 8 h. Se disponía de lámparas
con dos o tres juegos de carbono para
un funcionamiento sin supervisión de
16 o 24 h, en las que un mecanismo
inventado por Brush cambiaba automáticamente de un juego de carbono
por otro. Cabe destacar que la dínamo
Brush n.º 7 y las más grandes tenían
que ser generadores de alta tensión
para alimentar lámparas de arco en serie. La caída de tensión en una lámpara
de arco Brush era típicamente de 50 V,
por lo que un sistema de 16 lámparas
requeriría una dínamo de 800 V. La
dínamo n.º 8 de 40 luces (figura 4) operaba a 2,000 V.
Brush también desarrolló carbonos
que eran más adecuados para el uso
a gran escala de iluminación de tipo
arco que los existentes. Las puntas de
carbono delgadas proporcionan mejor
iluminación que las gruesas, pero no
eran prácticas antes de la invención
de Brush debido a su alta resistencia
y rápido consumo. Brush resolvió el
problema recubriendo los carbonos con
cobre (patente estadounidense 196,425,
presentada el 21 de agosto de 1877 y
emitida el 23 de octubre de 1877). Un
artículo sobre la historia de los carbonos
ligeros de arco publicado en Electrical
World el 5 de enero de 1891 afirmaba
que " la alta posición actual de la industria estadounidense del carbono se
debe a dos hombres, el célebre inventor Charles F. Brush y Washington H.
Lawrence, uno de los fundadores con el
Sr. Brush de Brush Electric Company,
y ahora presidente de National Carbon
Company, Cleveland, Ohio " . En 1877,
Brush y Lawrence comenzaron la búsqueda de la mejor materia prima para
fabricar arcos de carbono. Lo encontraron a una milla de la fábrica Brush,
en el último producto de la destilación
de petróleo crudo, que se formó en el
fondo de los alambiques de Standard
Oil. Estos desechos aislantes se volvieron un material exitoso para arcos de
carbono comercial después de convertirlo a un estado conductor.
Estaciones centrales Brush
El concepto de una estación central que
atiende a varios clientes habría sido
familiar donde el servicio de gas distribuido estaba disponible. En efecto,
Scientific American publicó el siguiente comentario en 1857:
Desde un gran depósito de baterías, el fluido eléctrico podría suministrarse a través de cables aislados a los motores de trabajo en
cualquier parte de una ciudad, de
la misma manera que se suministra gas para proporcionar la iluminación en tiendas, casas y talleres.
La tabla 1 presenta las estaciones
centrales eléctricas documentadas más
antiguas, todas erigidas en el periodo
1878-1880. Primero, algunos comentarios sobre las estaciones que no pertenecen a Brush. Las farolas eléctricas
alimentadas desde las estaciones centrales hicieron su debut en Europa, en
1878, en París y Londres. Utilizaron
lámparas de arco de baja intensidad
llamadas -lámparas de Jablochkoff, que
fueron inventadas por el ingeniero eléctrico ruso Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov (Павел Николаевич
Яблочков), que residía en París.
tabla 1. Estaciones centrales para sistemas de iluminación eléctrica en 1880.
Lámparas
Año
Ciudad
Ubicación de las luces
Dínamos
Tipo
Número*
Propósito
1878
París
Calles
Gramme
Jablochkoff
142
Farolas
1878
Londres
Terraplén del Támesis
Gramme
Jablochkoff
20
Farolas
1879
Cleveland
Monumental Park
Brush
Arco de Brush
12
Farolas
1879
San Francisco
Edificios privados
Brush
Arco de Brush
50
Multiuso
1880
Montreal
Muelle
Brush
Arco de Brush
21
Luces de muelle
1880
Grand Rapids,
Michigan
Edificios privados
Brush
Arco de Brush
18
Multiuso
1880
Detroit
Edificios privados
Brush
Arco de Brush
16
Multiuso
1880
New York
Broadway y una
armería†
Brush
Arco de Brush
20
Multipropósito
1880
Menlo Park,
Nueva Jersey
Laboratorio de Edison y
alrededores
Edison
Incandescente
~500
Experimental
*Número inicial.
Ubicaciones iniciales.
†
enero/febrero 2021
ieee power & energy magazine
105
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
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