IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 117
en mi opinión
Alberto Pototschnig
remuneración de la
capacidad
el avance de la difusión de energías renovables
E
EL PACTO VERDE EUROPEO, que
establece la estrategia de descarbonización de la Unión Europea (UE) hasta el
2050, estima una reducción del 50-55
% de las emisiones de gases de efecto
invernadero con respecto a los niveles
de 1990 para 2030 y la neutralidad del
carbono para 2050. Este ambicioso camino requiere una penetración mucho
mayor de las energías renovables en
el sistema eléctrico. Por lo tanto, es
probable que el actual objetivo de penetración del 32 % de energías renovables para el consumo energético final
que se fijó para 2030 hace solo dos
años se incremente hasta un 38-40 %.
El sector de la electricidad suele contribuir de manera más que proporcional al logro del objetivo general. Esto
significa que podemos esperar que la
generación basada en energía renovable represente aproximadamente dos
tercios del consumo final de electricidad para 2030, frente a aproximadamente el 30 % en 2019.
Una gran parte del aumento de la
capacidad de generación basada en
energías renovables correspondería a la
eólica y solar. Estas tecnologías se caracterizan por tener costos marginales
nulos o casi nulos, pero cuando se comparan con la generación convencional,
también resultan más variables y menos confiables respecto al suministro
de electricidad, con un perfil que sigue
el patrón de la demanda. Así, para la
seguridad del suministro se requieIdentificador de Objeto Digital 10.1109/MPE.2020.3033372
Fecha de la versión actual: 6 de enero de 2021
enero/febrero 2021
re la disponibilidad de una capacidad
despachable de reserva para seguir y
atender la carga residual, es decir, la
diferencia entre la generación basada
en la demanda y la basada en la energía
renovable.
El efecto de orden de mérito de la
mayor penetración de la generación basada en energía renovable implica que
esta capacidad de reserva flexible, que
a corto plazo será proporcionada en su
mayor parte por centrales convencionales (de gas), será llamada a producir
durante un número de horas decreciente y muy variable y, por lo tanto, requerirá mayores ingresos cuando esté
en marcha.
De esta manera, una evaluación
simplista de las consecuencias de este
cambio en la combinación de generación y la estructura de costos en el perfil de precios de la electricidad sugiere
un mayor número de horas en las que
el precio de la electricidad en el mercado será fijado por la generación basada
en energía renovable a niveles nulos o
muy bajos, y unas cuantas horas en las
que los precios podrían alcanzar niveles muy altos. Esto podría llegar hasta
el valor de la carga perdida (VOLL, por
sus siglas en inglés) cuando la capacidad de generación disponible no pueda
satisfacer la demanda, para permitir
que la capacidad de generación basada
en energía no renovable recupere sus
costos fijos.
Sin embargo, en una evaluación más
elaborada, es posible reconocer que la
distribución de los precios podría no
ser necesariamente tan binomial como
parecería en un principio, especialmente teniendo en cuenta el desarrollo
tecnológico y la aparición de nuevas
tecnologías e instalaciones en el mercado. Por ejemplo, precios más variables pueden permitir a las instalaciones
de almacenamiento de energía aprovechar las oportunidades de arbitraje,
al cargar cuando los precios son bajos
y descargar a precios más altos. En el
futuro, también se desarrollarán tecnologías de conversión de energía en gas,
que permitirán almacenar energía en
forma molecular durante periodos más
largos. El futuro desarrollo de la respuesta del lado de la demanda y otras
fuentes descentralizadas también pueden ayudar a mitigar las subidas de precios. En consecuencia, es posible que
los precios bajos no siempre sean tan
bajos y que los precios altos no siempre
sean tan altos.
Precios de
mercado negativos y
planes de apoyo a las
energías renovables
En este contexto, debe prestarse especial
atención a los precios de mercado negativos. Según el informe de seguimiento
del mercado de 2019 de la Agencia de
Cooperación de los Reguladores de la
Energía de la Unión Europea (ACER,
por sus siglas en inglés) y el Consejo
de Reguladores Europeos de la Energía
(CEER, por sus siglas en inglés), en el
mercado del día en adelanto de la UE se
registraron más de 500 casos de precios
(continúa en la pág. 114)
ieee power & energy magazine
117
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover3
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