IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 18
editorial invitada
Luiz Barroso y Hugh Rudnick
el crecimiento de las
energías renovables
mercados eléctricos de costo marginal nulo
G
GRACIAS A LOS OBJETIVOS DE
descarbonización, se ha generado una
revolución tecnológica que ha permitido que las energías renovables, en
concreto la generación solar y eólica,
estén en el centro de la mayoría de
los mercados de electricidad a nivel
mundial. Las energías renovables se
caracterizan intrínsecamente por una
gran variabilidad de la producción
combinada con una previsibilidad y
controlabilidad limitadas, lo que ha
creado importantes desafíos de flexibilidad para la planificación y el funcionamiento de los sistemas eléctricos
en todo el mundo.
Las energías renovables también
producen electricidad a un costo marginal casi nulo. Ante la presencia de
altos porcentajes de energías renovables, también se cuestionará la reestructuración de los mercados eléctricos
en función de la fijación de precios
marginales de localización, ya que los
precios de la electricidad pueden caer a
cero o incluso a valores negativos si se
observa una abundante generación de
energía renovable. Por el contrario, los
precios pueden aumentar rápidamente
y alcanzar cifras elevadas si no se genera energía renovable y hay escasez.
Estos efectos pueden acentuarse ante
la presencia de cuellos de botella en la
transmisión y altos niveles de generación distribuida.
Ante la abundante presencia de recursos de costo marginal (casi) nulo,
Identificador de Objeto Digital 10.1109/MPE.2020.3033369
Fecha de la versión actual: 6 de enero de 2021
18
ieee power & energy magazine
recientemente se han planteado importantes interrogantes en el ámbito
de la economía del sistema eléctrico
sobre el futuro de los actuales diseños y empresas del mercado de la
electricidad:
✔✔ ¿Cómo se remunerarán los activos de generación?
✔✔ ¿Cómo se estructurarán los
acuerdos de financiamiento?
✔✔ ¿La incertidumbre alrededor de
los ingresos comprometerá la
suficiencia de la generación ante
las nuevas necesidades de capacidad debido al retiro definitivo
de los recursos fósiles existentes
junto con el crecimiento de la
carga?
✔✔ ¿Pueden los precios de escasez,
revelados a través de la variabilidad de las señales de precios
a corto plazo para los servicios
de generación, crear incentivos
adecuados para las inversiones a
largo plazo?
✔✔ ¿Son los mercados de contratos
de energía y confiabilidad a largo plazo el camino a seguir, o los
mercados de capacidad bastan
para crear incentivos eficientes
para las inversiones?
✔✔ ¿Cómo se pueden introducir en
el mercado los servicios del lado
de la demanda y la respuesta a la
demanda como recursos, equilibrando al mismo tiempo las
consideraciones políticas y la
aversión que tienen los consumidores al riesgo en la fijación de
los precios de la electricidad?
Con el aumento de los objetivos de descarbonización en los sistemas eléctricos de todo el mundo, estos son ejemplos de interrogantes pertinentes que
deben analizar tanto los responsables
de formular políticas como las partes
interesadas.
El objetivo de esta edición de la
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine es
debatir el futuro del costo marginal
nulo y analizar temas relevantes relacionados con la adecuación de la generación y los mercados mayoristas, con
el foco puesto en debates conceptuales
y prácticos. Esta edición presenta autores con experiencia tanto en el mundo
académico como en la industria, quienes se centran en los futuros desafíos
normativos y de mercado.
Carlos Batlle, Pablo Rodilla y Paolo Mastropietro abren este número con
el enunciado del problema conceptual.
Hablan sobre cómo, más de tres décadas después de la implementación de
los primeros mercados eléctricos en la
década de 1980, es necesario revisar
aspectos fundamentales de su estructura: la interacción entre la normativa
y las fuerzas del mercado, así como
las relaciones entre las características
de las transacciones y las estructuras
contractuales y otras estructuras de gobernanza.
Sin embargo, este no es el único
asunto que debe abordarse adecuadamente. Los autores sostienen que los
mecanismos de fijación de precios a
corto plazo seguirán siendo decisivos
para orientar el funcionamiento óptimo
y las decisiones de inversión, pero que
enero/febrero 2021
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover4
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