IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 42

mercado es igual o superior a US$ 20/MWh), la oferta del
proveedor para producir la energía será aceptada en el mer-
cado de corto plazo. Si es más económico comprar la energía
en el mercado de corto plazo (el precio de mercado es infe-
rior a US$ 20/MW), la oferta del proveedor no será aceptada
y el proveedor comprará los 100 MWh del mercado de corto
plazo a un precio inferior a US$ 20/MWh.
Este ejemplo demuestra que el enfoque del SFPFC para
la adecuación de las fuentes a largo plazo hace que la ganan-
cia esperada para cada vendedor minimice el costo de sumi-
nistrar la cantidad de energía vendida en este contrato a
plazo cada hora del periodo de entrega. Siguiendo la lógica
del ejemplo anterior, cada proveedor encontrará en su inte-
rés unilateral presentar un precio de oferta en el mercado
de corto plazo igual a su costo marginal por su cantidad
de energía SFPFC por hora, con el fin de tomar la decisión
eficiente de " hacer versus comprar " para cumplir con esta
obligación.
Además, debido a que todos los proveedores saben que
la suma de los valores de las obligaciones del SFPFC por
hora para todos los proveedores es igual a la demanda del
sistema, cada empresa sabe que sus competidores tienen
obligaciones sustanciales de contratos a plazo de precio
fijo para esa hora. Esto implica que todos los proveedores
saben que tienen oportunidades limitadas de aumentar el
precio que reciben por las ventas de mercado a corto plazo
más allá de su cantidad del SFPFC por hora. Para el ejem-
plo anterior, el proveedor que posee 150 MW de capacidad
de generación tiene un fuerte incentivo para presentar un
precio de oferta cercano a su costo marginal para suminis-
trar cualquier energía más allá de los 100 MWh de energía
SFPFC que es capaz de producir. Por lo tanto, es probable
que los intentos de cualquier proveedor de aumentar los
precios en el mercado a corto plazo reteniendo la produc-
ción más allá de su cantidad de SFPFC no tengan éxito
debido a la agresividad de las ofertas en el mercado a corto
plazo por parte de sus competidores con obligaciones del
SFPFC por hora.
Demanda del sistema

Energía (MWh)

440 MWh
400
300
220 MWh
200
100

110 MWh

Periodo 1

Periodo 2

Periodo 3

Demanda diaria
110 + 220 + 440 + 330 = 1,100 MWh

figura 4. Exigencias del sistema por hora (10 % más).
42	

ieee power & energy magazine 	

El enfoque del SFPFC para la adecuación de las
fuentes
Este mecanismo de adecuación de las fuentes a largo plazo
requiere que todos los minoristas de electricidad mantengan
los SFPFC de energía para fracciones de la demanda del sis-
tema realizada en varias perspectivas hasta la entrega. Por
ejemplo, los minoristas, en total, deben tener el SFPFC que
abarque el 100 % de la demanda del sistema realizada en el
año en curso, el 95 % de la demanda del sistema realizada un
año antes de la entrega, el 90 % dos años antes de la entrega,
el 87 % tres años antes de la entrega y el 85 % cuatro años
antes de la entrega. Las fracciones de la demanda del sistema
y el número de años de anticipación que deben adquirirse
los SFPFC son parámetros establecidos por el regulador
para garantizar la adecuación de las fuentes a largo plazo.
En el caso de un mercado LMP de liquidación múltiple, los
SFPFC se compensarían con el promedio ponderado por
cantidad de los precios de ubicación por hora en todos los
nodos de extracción de carga.
Los SFPFC se adaptan a la demanda horaria del sistema
dentro del periodo de entrega del contrato. La figura 1 con-
tiene un patrón de muestra de la demanda del sistema para
un horizonte de entrega de 4 h. La demanda total de 4 h es
de 1,000 MWh, y las demandas de cuatro horas son 100,
200, 400 y 300 MWh. Por lo tanto, un proveedor que vende
300 MWh de energía del SFPFC tiene el sistema por hora,
obligaciones contractuales a plazo en forma de demanda de
30 MWh en la hora uno, 60 MWh en la hora dos, 120 MWh
en la hora tres y 90 MWh en la hora cuatro, como se muestra
para la empresa 1 en la figura 2. Las obligaciones contrac-
tuales a plazo fijo por hora para la empresa 2 que vendió
200 MWh de energía del SFPFC y la empresa 3 que vendió
500 MWh de energía del SFPFC también se ilustran en la
figura 2. Estas obligaciones del SFPFC también se asignan a
lo largo de las 4 h de acuerdo con las mismas cuatro partes
por hora de la demanda total del sistema. Esto asegura que
la suma de los valores por hora de las obligaciones del con-
trato a plazo para los tres proveedores sea igual al valor por
hora de la demanda del sistema.
Tomando el ejemplo de la hora
tres, la obligación de la empresa 1
es de 120 MWh, la de la empresa 2
es de 80 MWh y la de la empresa 3
330 MWh
es de 200 MWh. Estos tres valores
suman 400 MWh, que es igual al
valor de la demanda del sistema en
la hora tres, que se muestra en la
figura 1.
Estos SFPFC se asignan a los
minoristas
en función de su par-
Tiempo
Periodo 4
ticipación en la demanda del sis-
tema durante el mes. Suponga que
los cuatro minoristas de la figura 3
consumen 1/10, 2/10, 3/10 y 4/10,
respectivamente, de la energía total
enero/febrero 2021



IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 26
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 27
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 28
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 29
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 30
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 31
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 32
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 33
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 34
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 35
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 36
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 37
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 38
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 39
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 40
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 47
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 48
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 51
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 52
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 54
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 55
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 58
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 59
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 60
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 77
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 78
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 79
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 80
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 82
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 84
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 85
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 86
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 87
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 88
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 90
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 91
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 92
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 93
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 94
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 95
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 96
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 97
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 98
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 99
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 100
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 101
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 102
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 103
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 104
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 105
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 106
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 107
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 108
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 109
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 110
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 111
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 112
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 113
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 114
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 115
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 116
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 117
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0708_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0506_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0304_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0102_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1112_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0910_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0708_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0506_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0304_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0102_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070820
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050620
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030420
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1119
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070819
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050619
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030419
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070818
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050618
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030418
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0917
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0717
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0517
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0317
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0916
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111217
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com