IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 52
El Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Berkeley ha realizado
varias simulaciones de los precios del mercado de futuros con
mayores penetraciones de VRE para varias regiones de Estados Unidos, que muestran tendencias similares a los impactos históricos de la disminución de los precios. Se observaron
niveles más altos de VRE para reducir el precio promedio de
la energía, aumentar la variabilidad de los precios, aumentar
la frecuencia de los precios de la energía cero y aumentar los
precios de los servicios auxiliares. Muchos otros estudios han
mostrado una gama de impactos en los precios mayoristas
de la VRE, utilizando diferentes supuestos que afectan a los
resultados (tabla 1). El rango de valores demuestra lo difícil
que es tratar de predecir este impacto.
Aunque estas simulaciones muestran una reducción del
precio promedio de la energía debido al aumento de la VRE,
esto puede no ser necesariamente así en los futuros sistemas
que se aproximen al 100 % de energía renovable. Varios de
los supuestos de estos estudios no siempre son válidos en
la práctica. No está claro que los precios mayoristas vayan
a disminuir simplemente, como se observa en los estudios.
Esto puede depender de muchos factores, como
Operador del
Sistema
Eléctrico de
Alberta
Dic. de 2018: 25 %
Registros de
penetración
instantánea de
renovable
variable
Abril de 2020: 73.2 %
✔✔ la estructura del mercado, incluida la compensación y
los incentivos a la inversión más allá de los mercados
de energía (por ejemplo, los mercados de capacidad)
✔✔ márgenes de reserva de planificación exógena
✔✔ políticas exteriores que influyen en la inversión
✔✔ la respuesta de la demanda al precio
✔✔ la existencia y los ajustes de los precios administrativos a la escasez
✔✔ localizaciones de la VRE y la correlación de la producción
✔✔ la eficiencia en función de los costos y la capacidad de
las tecnologías de apoyo que mitigan las concentraciones temporales de la oferta y la demanda.
Otras interrogantes han despertado el interés de los diseñadores de mercado. Si los mercados de electricidad no
incentivan las fuentes para el suministro de energía libre de
emisiones, ¿cómo se daría la transición de la combinación de
fuentes a los escenarios que se están discutiendo? Si la transición se apoya fuera de los mercados de electricidad, ¿cómo
afectará esto a las soluciones óptimas? Si la variabilidad de
la VRE aumenta la necesidad de flexibilidad, ¿los mercados
Operador del
Sistema
Eléctrico
S
Independiente
de Ontario
Abril de 2020: 32 %
ISO
de zona
central
ISO de
Nueva Inglaterra
Abril de 2020: 18.1 %
ISO de Nueva York
Interconexión
PJM
Southwest
Power Pool
Mayo de 2020: 16.4 %
ISO de
California
Mayo de 2019: 69.9 %
Consejo de Confiabilidad
Eléctrica de Texas
M
Mayo de 2020: 59.3 %
(c)
figura 1. (Continuación) Objetivos de los Estados Unidos para c) los registros más recientes de penetración instantánea
de VRE. Los datos son precisos a septiembre de 2020. (Fuente: Instituto de Investigación de Potencia Eléctrica y Grupo de
Integración de Sistemas Energéticos; utilizado con permiso).
52
ieee power & energy magazine
enero/febrero 2021
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover1
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