IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 81
Sistemas hidráulicos
Sistemas basados en
energías renovables
Escala temporal de los
principales componentes
de variabilidad
Semanal, estacional e
Interanual
Desde minutos a patrones diarios
Efecto en operaciones
del sistema a corto plazo
El sistema hidráulico proporciona
reservas
Las energías renovables
requieren reservas
¿Qué tipo de generación
de apoyo se necesita?
Fuentes que permanezcan disponibles
(limitadas) durante todas
estaciones secas (húmedas)
Fuentes de acción rápida para
compensar desequilibrios repentinos
Riesgos de escasez
Racionamiento
(Energía restringida)
Apagones
(Capacidad restringida)
Fijación de precios
Según probabilidad y
costo de racionamiento
Según probabilidad y
costo de apagones repentinos
figura 3. Los paralelos entre los mercados con predominio de energías renovables y generación hidroeléctrica.
enero/febrero 2021
97
de
19
97
lio
Ju
.d
e
19
97
19
En
e
de
lio
Ju
En
e
.d
e
19
19
96
95
95
de
lio
Ju
En
e.
de
19
94
19
94
Ju
lio
de
19
93
En
e.
de
19
de
lio
Ju
En
e.
de
19
93
Costo marginal (BRL/MWh)
con propietarios independientes y
múltiples usos del agua, y 3) para
100
evitar potenciales problemas con el
90
poder de mercado que podrían sur80
gir en mercados basados en licita70
ciones. Cuando se implementaron
60
los mercados de la electricidad por
50
primera vez en América Latina,
40
los reguladores consideraban que
30
era importante abordar estos pun20
tos para infundir confianza en los
10
inversores para que invirtieran en
0
nueva capacidad de generación,
que era el principal objetivo de la
reforma industrial en estos países. Además, a los reguladores
les preocupaba que el costo de
figura 4. Los precios al contado mensuales históricos en el sistema brasileño (BRL/MWh).
implementar un mecanismo de
despacho y tarificación basado
en licitaciones pudiera ser prohibitivamente alto debido a la la autoridad y la visión propia de cada firma sobre lo que
necesidad de establecer plataformas sofisticadas de negocia- debía o no incluir el modelo de simulación. Esto debido a que
ción y mecanismos de mitigación del poder de mercado, así las suposiciones sobre los parámetros de entrada afectan no
como de enseñar a las empresas estatales a hacer ofertas de solo la estimación centralizada del valor del agua, sino también las decisiones de despacho, los precios y los ingresos de
manera racional en estos mercados.
Por otra parte, una de las principales críticas del actual las firmas privadas que participan en el mercado.
Como se destaca en la figura 3, hay varias cosas en
régimen centralizado que se utiliza para determinar los valores del agua tiene que ver con la sensibilidad de los modelos común y contrastes interesantes entre los los sistemas con
probabilísticos de simulación para los parámetros de entrada, predominio de generación de energías renovables que puecomo la distribución de probabilidad de las condiciones den llegar a ser importantes en el futuro y los sistemas con
hidrológicas a futuro. Pese a las iniciativas de los ISO para predominio de generación hidroeléctrica como los de Améasegurar la transparencia y replicabilidad de los resultados, rica Latina (especialmente antes de la introducción de granfrecuentemente hubo conflictos (llegando a veces a juicios) des cantidades de capacidad térmica en las décadas de 1990
debido a las discrepancias entre las suposiciones hechas por y 2000).
ieee power & energy magazine
81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover4
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