IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - 89
✔✔ el riesgo de la demanda (cuando el contrato de consu-
mo es de " pago por demanda " y la generación distribuida es una amenaza)
✔✔ el riesgo de pago (cuando el contrato de consumo no
está en buena situación financiera)
✔✔ el riesgo del tipo de cambio (cuando el contrato no está
en la moneda del préstamo, generalmente dólares estadounidenses)
✔✔ el riesgo ambiental y social, incluido el impacto acumulativo en la cuenca hidrográfica, la cuenca aérea y
la comunidad
✔✔ el riesgo de perturbación tecnológica.
Estos son los principales riesgos, pero hay otros, dependiendo del país y del patrocinador del proyecto, como los
riesgos a la reputación. Los diferentes bancos tienen diferentes formas de percibir, evaluar y sopesar estos riesgos. Como
tal, pueden percibir el mismo proyecto de manera diferente.
Para atraer inversiones en sistemas eléctricos, es importante
que los diseñadores de mercados consideren que, además
de los riesgos del mercado (los que abordan el diseño del
mercado) la mayoría de los riesgos enumerados también son
evaluados por inversores y prestamistas. Una mayor complejidad puede aumentar la eficiencia en los resultados del
mercado, pero puede hacer que los proyectos sean más riesgosos, dada la evaluación general del riesgo.
Una perspectiva de la experiencia del
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo
en el financiamiento de proyectos de
energía renovable
América Latina tiene abundancia de recursos naturales, y el
sector eléctrico de la región tiene en general una mayor pro-
35,000
9,540 (41 %)
porción de energías renovables que muchas otras regiones en
desarrollo, especialmente gracias al amplio desarrollo de la
generación hidroeléctrica. En 2018, la matriz de generación
en América Latina y el Caribe, en términos de producción de
energía, era de 47 % generación hidroeléctrica, 39 % generación térmica, 2 % energía nuclear, 1 % generación de energía
geotérmica, 5 % energía eólica y 1 % generación solar, con
el resto de otras fuentes. Algunos países, como Uruguay y
Chile, ya tienen una mayor penetración de mercado de la
generación de energía variable, como la eólica y la solar:
35 % en Uruguay y 6.7 % en Chile. En 2018, Costa Rica funcionó con un 99 % de generación renovable, principalmente
de generación hidroeléctrica, seguida de la energía eólica.
Además de tener una matriz de generación bastante limpia, la región está cerca de ser la primera área en desarrollo en lograr el 100 % de acceso a la electricidad. En 2018,
la tasa de acceso a la electricidad en América Latina y el
Caribe se situó en 97.6 %. Haití y Honduras son los únicos
dos países con tasas de acceso muy por debajo de los demás,
con un 39 % y 81 %, respectivamente.
Debido al crecimiento de la carga en la región, la
demanda de electricidad en el periodo de 2012 a 2018 creció
un 88 % en general en la región y, en algunas subregiones,
como América Central, la demanda creció hasta un 18 %,
según lo informado por la Organización Latinoamericana de
Energía. Además, muchos países de la región aumentaron el
apoyo de las políticas a las energías renovables, aumentando
así la necesidad de mecanismos eficientes para incentivar la
generación de bajo costo, como las licitaciones de electricidad a largo plazo.
El desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías renovables, como la
energía eólica y solar, ha avanzado rápidamente en América
Capacidad de NCRE, 2014
Capacidad de NCRE de proyectos que ganaron licitaciones, 2015-2019
30,000
(MW)
25,000
20,000
23,330
15,000
7,013 (169 %)
6,161 (267 %)
10,000
4,466 (527 %)
5,000
0
2,304
Brasil
Chile
4,158
México
Argentina
430 (41 %)
847
1,056
Perú
(52 %)
37
71
Jamaica
figura 1. Las adiciones de capacidad de energías renovables no convencionales (NCRE, por sus siglas en inglés) representadas por los proyectos ganadores en las licitaciones realizadas desde 2015 hasta junio de 2019 en comparación con
la capacidad de energía renovable de 2014 en América Latina y el Caribe. Los porcentajes entre paréntesis muestran el
aumento sobre la capacidad de NCRE de 2014, asumiendo que todos los proyectos están terminados. [Fuente: Viscidi y
Yepez (2019), usado con permiso].
enero/febrero 2021
ieee power & energy magazine
89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2021 - Cover3
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