IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 114
se parecía mucho a los tipos modernos.
En 1893, Lamme diseñó una serie de
motores de inducción de 25 Hz destinados
a la nueva central de la Niagara
Falls Power Company y a la industria
circundante. Estos motores tenían bobinados
distribuidos.
Mientras todo esto sucedía en Wesfigura
15. El motor de Tesla en exposición permanente en el Museo Nikola
Tesla. (Cortesía de Ivona Zoric, conservadora principal del Museo Nikola Tesla,
Vracar, Belgrade; utilizado con permiso).
tinghouse, General Electric (GE) desarrollaba
su línea de motores de inducción.
Aunque la patente de Tesla les
impedía utilizar su sistema polifásico,
Charles Steinmetz, de GE, desarrolló
un sistema de distribución que no interfería
con las patentes de Tesla. Lo
llamó sistema monocíclico. Se trataba
de un sistema monofásico con un tercer
conductor desfasado en 90° con respecto
a los demás. Este tercer conductor
solo se utilizaba para proporcionar el
par de torsión inicial. Una vez que el
motor alcanzaba su velocidad, se desconectaba.
Otra
diferencia en el motor de GE
era la elección de los elementos estacionarios
y móviles. En el motor
de GE, el secundario era el elemento
giratorio. Al contrario, en el motor
Westinghouse, el primario giraba. En
los motores de inducción modernos,
el primario (el bobinado que recibe la
energía) está en el estator. Ambos motores
necesitaban una resistencia inicial,
ya que la corriente de irrupción
era demasiado alta para que los conductores
del rotor la soportaran. En su
figura 16. Un motor de inducción de la época de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
(Fuente: E. Hawks, Popular Science Mechanical Encyclopedia, pág. 99, 1941).
cubrieran todo el paso de los polos proporcionaría
cerca del doble de campo
efectivo que el anterior tipo de Tesla.
En lugar de colocarse en los polos salientes,
los bobinados distribuidos se
colocan en ranuras del rotor o del estator
(figura 12). El cambio al bobinado
distribuido fue probablemente la contribución
más importante a la tecnología
de los motores de inducción realizada
antes de finales del siglo XIX.
Con este cambio se mejoraron varias
características importantes del motor.
La más importante, sobre todo, fue la
114
ieee power & energy magazine
reducción de los armónicos. Los armónicos
dan lugar a un aumento sobre
las pérdidas en el hierro. Estas pérdidas
producían calor, lo que provocaba
una reducción del rendimiento y un
aumento de la temperatura de todo el
motor. Es muy probable que esto sea lo
que hizo que el motor de Tesla fallara
cuando se utilizó con la corriente de
alta frecuencia, 133 Hz, de los sistemas
de iluminación de Westinghouse.
Entre finales de 1891 y principios
de 1892, Westinghouse diseñó lo que
fue el primer motor de inducción que
autobiografía de 1926, Lamme dice:
" Hice que el primario fuera el elemento
giratorio, ya que entonces se consideraba
que este tipo de motores no se
fabricaban para más de 200 o 400 voltios.
Con esta disposición, pude utilizar
un secundario de baja tensión con
conductores llevados directamente a
una resistencia inicial y a un interruptor
de cortocircuito " . Es de suponer
que Westinghouse no disponía de un
interruptor que pudiera interrumpir la
corriente a 400 V. La bibliografía no
aclara este aspecto del diseño (véase la
figura 13). Según Lamme, la máquina
de 250 hp que Westinghouse expuso
en la Feria Mundial de 1893 tenía el
mismo diseño de " elemento secundario
estacionario " .
enero/febrero 2022
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 4
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover4
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