IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 115

Cuando entraron en vigor los acuerdos
de patentes de GE y Westinghouse,
esta última pasó a tener la parte primaria
giratoria, que ha sido la práctica
convencional desde entonces. A partir
de ese momento, los diseños de estos
dos gigantes del sector eléctrico diferían
muy poco.
Pero todavía había varios puntos
importantes que necesitaban resolverse.
Ambos motores necesitaban algún
medio para reducir la corriente de
irrupción, que solía ser demasiado alta
para que los conductores del rotor la
soportaran. En un principio se utilizó
la tensión reducida. Se conectaba una
resistencia inicial o un transformador
en el primario y se producía un cortocircuito
cuando la corriente descendía
a un nivel seguro. Pero esto era solo
una solución provisional. Después de
que las barras del rotor empezaran a
utilizarse para sustituir a los conductores
del rotor bobinado (figura 14), se
introdujo el uso de barras del rotor con
forma. La forma de estas barras permitía
cambiar automáticamente la impedancia
del rotor a medida que el motor
adquiría velocidad. Ya no era necesario
el arranque a tensión reducida para los
motores de inducción de uso industrial.
El motor de
inducción moderno
El motor de inducción ha evolucionado
mucho desde la época de las patentes
de Tesla. En la figura 15 se muestra el
motor de Tesla y en la figura 16 un motor
de inducción moderno. Se aprecian
varios cambios. El típico motor de inducción
de jaula de ardilla de uso general
tiene las siguientes características:
✔ bobinados distribuidos, no polos
salientes, para una mejor distribución
del flujo;
✔ forma cilíndrica, no de panqueque,
para una mejor disipación
del calor;
✔ barras secundarias o jaula de
ardilla, para economizar la construcción
y el arranque a través de
la línea;
✔ estator cerrado, para la protección
en diversos entornos;
✔ ventilador de refrigeración integrado
para aumentar la potencia;
y
✔ aislamiento mejorado de las altas
temperaturas.
No solo ha mejorado el propio
motor, sino también los medios para
controlarlo. Los semiconductores eléctricos
han desempeñado una función
importante en este sentido, en especial
en el ámbito del control de la frecuencia
variable. La velocidad del motor ya
no está ligada a múltiplos de la frecuencia
de la línea. El motor de inducción
se ha convertido por fin en el sustituto
del motor de derivación de CC. Irónicamente,
esto ha llegado en una época
en la que muchos ingenieros eléctricos
nunca han visto un motor de CC.
Lecturas complementarias
W. E. North, " Application of electricity
in cement mills " (Aplicación de la
electricidad en las fábricas de cemento),
Trans. Amer. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol.
XLVI, págs. 462-468, ene./dic. de 1927,
doi: 10.1109/T-AIEE.1927.5061376.
L. Duncan, " Alternating current
(Motores
electric motors "
eléctricos
de corriente alterna), Trans.
Amer. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. V, n.º
7, págs. 211-235, abr. de 1888, doi:
10.1109/T-AIEE.1888.5570384.
F. J. Patten, " Alternating current
motors: The evolution of a new type "
(Motores de corriente alterna: la
evolución de un nuevo tipo), Trans.
Amer. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. VI, n.º
5, págs. 388-410, mayo de 1889, doi:
10.1109/T-AIEE.1889.5570234.
T. C. Martin y J. Weltzer, The Electric
Motor and Its Applications, 3rd ed.
(El motor eléctrico y sus aplicaciones,
3.a ed.) Nueva York, NY, EE. UU.: W.J.
Johnson, 1892.
N. Tesla, " A new system of alternate
current motors and transformers " (Un
nuevo sistema de motores y transformadores
de corriente alterna), Trans.
Amer. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. V, n.º
10, págs. 308-327, jul. de 1888, doi:
10.1109/T-AIEE.1888.5570379.
H. D. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers,
1875-1900: A Study in Competition,
Entrepreneurship, Technical
Change, and Economic Growth (Los
fabricantes eléctricos, 1875-1900: un
estudio sobre la competencia, la iniciativa
empresarial, el cambio técnico
y el crecimiento económico), Cambridge,
MA, EE. UU.: Harvard Univ. Press,
1953.
B. G. Lamme, An Autobiography
(Una autobiografía), Nueva York, NY,
EE. UU.: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926.
C. F. Scott, " Long distance transmission
for lighting and power " (Transmisión
a larga distancia para la iluminación
y la potencia), Trans. Amer.
Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. IX, n.º 1, págs.
425-444, ene. de 1892, doi: 10.1109/
T-AIEE.1892.5570456.
P. N. Nunn, " Pioneer work in
high-tension electric power transmission "
(Trabajo pionero en la transmisión
de energía eléctrica de alta tensión),
Cassier's Mag., vol. 27, n.º 3,
págs. 171-200, ene. de 1905.
p&e
enero/febrero 2022
ieee power & energy magazine
115

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover3
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