IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 29

eléctrica, en el futuro (véase " Características de los incendios
según el uso de la tierra " ).
No obstante, también hay afirmaciones que sugieren
que la actividad de los incendios forestales no ha aumentado
significativamente, especialmente cuando se consideran
escalas de tiempo mucho más largas. Investigadores de
la Universidad de Swansea, en el Reino Unido, por ejemplo,
encontraron que la biomasa global quemada durante el
siglo pasado es menor que en cualquier otro momento de los
últimos 2,000 años. Reconocen la influencia de los factores
climáticos en los incendios forestales, pero cuestionan
la conclusión general de una tendencia global al alza en la
actividad e intensidad de los incendios forestales. Argumentan
que las escalas de tiempo en el contexto de los cambios
globales son generalmente mucho más largas que las consideradas
en muchos estudios, y los datos a largo plazo no respaldan
tal afirmación. El aumento percibido en la actividad
de los incendios forestales podría deberse principalmente a
la concientización y la cobertura extendida de los medios de
los eventos icónicos de incendios forestales.
Lo que está claro es que el clima está cambiando a nivel
mundial y que existe un vínculo entre el clima y la actividad
de los incendios forestales. Parece haber más incendios
forestales a nivel regional, pero la extrapolación a una escala
global no parece seguirse. Para comprender los diferentes
factores interconectados que influyen en la ocurrencia de los
incendios forestales (ilustrados cualitativamente en la figura
5), y para evaluar el potencial de un aumento en las fallas
de transmisión de energía relacionadas con los incendios, es
necesaria una mirada más cercana a la interacción entre el
diseño del sistema de transmisión de energía y la dinámica
de los incendios forestales. Esto incluye detalles sobre cómo
comienzan los incendios forestales
y qué características del fuego
contribuyen a dañar las redes
eléctricas.
Dinámica de los
incendios forestales
Para que ocurra un incendio
forestal, se deben cumplir dos
condiciones simultáneamente.
Debe haber combustible que
pueda apoyar la propagación continua
del fuego, y debe haber una
fuente de ignición lo suficientemente
intensa como para iniciar
el fuego. Es poco probable que un
incendio comience por encender
la parte más gruesa del
tronco
de un árbol. Una ramita muerta o
una hoja seca tienen muchas más
probabilidades de incendiarse y
luego extenderse a la vegetación
circundante. Este hecho intuitivo
enero/febrero 2022
figura 8. Un incendio superficial de baja intensidad (fuego en el camino provocado
por los bomberos para contener el fuego). Las llamas cortas y la alta velocidad
de propagación causan poco daño. (©Getty Images/Philip Pacheco; utilizado con
permiso).
ieee power & energy magazine
29
es consecuencia de la física que rige los procesos de combustión.
Los
combustibles sólidos no se queman directamente.
Lo que se quema son los gases liberados por la degradación
termoquímica del combustible sólido cuando se calienta lo
suficiente. La degradación de la biomasa leñosa, conocida
como pirólisis, en palabras muy simples, convierte los compuestos
químicos orgánicos (hidrocarburos) de la madera en
combustibles de hidrocarburos gaseosos y carbón, dejando
minerales en las cenizas. La energía necesaria para este proceso
proviene de una fuente de calor externa (propagación
de llama o fuente de ignición), y debe ser suficiente para
calentar primero el combustible sólido a una temperatura
en la que las reacciones de pirólisis produzcan combustible
gaseoso. Esto también puede requerir calor para impulsar la
evaporación de la humedad retenida por el combustible y,
finalmente, producir el combustible gaseoso.
La morfología del combustible es muy importante. En
particular, cuanto mayor sea la relación superficie a volumen
de un paquete de combustible (tronco, ramita, hoja, etc.),
más fácil será encenderlo. En el contexto de los incendios
forestales, esto tiene una razón doble Primero, los combustibles
ligeros (que tienen una mayor proporción de superficie
a volumen) se pueden calentar más rápidamente que los
combustibles más grandes. De manera similar, estos combustibles
responderán más rápidamente a los cambios en los
niveles de humedad locales, lo que les permitirá secarse más
rápidamente en condiciones de sequía. Los combustibles
forestales pueden ser caracterizados como combustibles de
1 h, 10 h, 100 h y 1,000 h. La clasificación de tiempo corresponde
a la rapidez con que estos combustibles responden a
los cambios en la humedad atmosférica, como una sequía.

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover3
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