IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 30
Como consecuencia, algunos de los combustibles más fáciles
de encender son los más rápidos de secar en la sequía, lo
que aumenta aún más su capacidad para encenderse y facilitar
la propagación del fuego.
Una vez que se enciende un fuego, el flujo de calor necesario
para la pirólisis proviene de la llama que resulta de
la combustión de los productos gaseosos de la pirólisis. Se
establece así un circuito de retroalimentación positiva: el
calor de la llama se transfiere a la superficie del paquete de
combustible, proporcionando la energía para la pirólisis. Los
gases producidos por la pirólisis se mezclan con el aire circundante
y, en determinadas circunstancias, producen una
mezcla inflamable que arde alimentando la llama.
La propagación del fuego puede ser considerada un proceso
de encendido continuo de combustible no quemado
antes de la zona de reacción, donde domina el ciclo de retroalimentación.
En consecuencia, la velocidad de propagación
del fuego dependerá de la eficiencia con la que se transfiera
el calor al combustible virgen. El modo de transferencia de
calor desde la zona de combustión a la superficie está dominado
por alguna combinación de radiación y calentamiento
por convección.
La geometría de la llama y su posición respecto del combustible
son parámetros cruciales en ambos mecanismos de
transferencia de calor. El calor transferido por radiación es
una consecuencia directa del área de superficie proyectada
de la llama " vista " por el combustible. Para el calentamiento
por convección, un mayor contacto entre la llama o los gases
de combustión calientes conduce a una propagación más
rápida del fuego, este impacto es muy notorio en la propagación
del fuego a través de los combustibles ligeros. En
general, cuanto más grande es la llama y más alineada está
con la superficie del combustible, mayor es la tasa de transferencia
de calor a través de ese mecanismo. En condiciones
sin viento, la posición de la llama es impulsada por la flotabilidad
(los gases calientes son menos densos y se elevan), la
llama tiende a estar en posición vertical. Un viento intenso
puede hacer que la llama se incline hacia el combustible no
quemado o hacia el combustible quemado (figura 6).
Un efecto similar puede ocurrir si el fuego se propaga
en una pendiente (figura 7). En ambos casos, la propagación
del fuego está altamente impulsada por el contacto
térmico entre la llama y los combustibles no quemados (es
decir, la distancia de la llama al combustible) y el tamaño
del área frente al fuego calentada por la llama. Estos factores
explican por qué una llama que se propaga con el viento
es más rápida que en contra y por qué la propagación del
fuego cuesta arriba es más rápida que en un plano horizontal.
Si el terreno donde se propaga el incendio forestal es
irregular con valles y picos, la velocidad de propagación
puede aumentar aún más debido a la rerradiación desde
lados opuestos. La geometría del terreno, el viento y las
características del combustible son, por lo tanto, los tres
parámetros dominantes que determinan la tasa de propagación
de un incendio forestal.
Pero no todos los incendios prosperan. El combustible
no quemado debe estar lo suficientemente cerca de la
región de combustión para recibir un flujo de calor de la
llama suficiente para producir
combustible gaseoso suficiente a
través de reacciones de pirólisis.
Si el ciclo de retroalimentación se
interrumpe localmente,
la llama
figura 9. Un fuego de cubierta de alta intensidad. Las llamas son lo suficientemente
largas como para interactuar directamente con los conductores de las líneas eléctricas,
lo que hace que brillen. (Fuente: Mike Eliason, Funcionario de Información
Pública de Bomberos del Condado de Santa Bárbara; utilizado con permiso).
30
ieee power & energy magazine
puede extinguirse y se evita una
mayor propagación. Pero incluso
si las llamas se extinguen, aún
puede existir combustión en la
superficie del carbón dejado por
la pirólisis (similar al carbón en
una barbacoa). El calor producido
es mucho menor, pero si las condiciones
son favorables (pequeñas
pérdidas de calor y suficiente oxígeno),
podría ser suficiente para
mantener la pirólisis. En lechos de
combustible porosos, como suelos
cubiertos por agujas de pino, o
en suelos de turba, estos incendios
de brasas pueden sobrevivir
y crecer durante largos periodos.
Si las condiciones cambian nuevamente,
los gases de la pirólisis
pueden volver a encenderse y
puede ocurrir una transición a las
enero/febrero 2022
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover4
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