IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 33
eléctricas. Si el combustible y las condiciones climáticas
son los adecuados, los incendios forestales pueden dañar la
infraestructura eléctrica. Las líneas eléctricas aéreas son una
fuente potencial de ignición de los incendios forestales y, a
veces, se desconectan para evitarlo durante fuertes vientos.
Para determinar cómo podría ser el futuro de la participación
de las líneas eléctricas con los incendios forestales, este
artículo examina cómo el cambio climático afecta las características
de los incendios forestales, así como la forma en
que las fallas de las líneas eléctricas pueden causar incendios
forestales.
Si bien las condiciones climáticas indudablemente afectan
el comportamiento de los incendios forestales, es difícil
determinar exactamente cómo influirán en el comportamiento
de los incendios forestales en función de los incendios
anteriores. Existe evidencia de que en algunas regiones,
la actividad de los incendios forestales ha aumentado como
resultado del cambio climático durante las últimas décadas.
En otras regiones, la evidencia es menos concluyente debido
a la disminución del número de incendios, aunque aumentó
en general el área quemada.
Un problema es que la intensidad del fuego en sí misma
(tasa de calor liberado, duración de la llama, etc.) generalmente
no es informada, por lo que no es posible determinar
si ha aumentado debido al cambio climático. Existen otros
factores que también influyen en el comportamiento de los
incendios forestales y generalmente no es posible separar
los factores contribuyentes entre sí. Los cambios en el uso
de la tierra y la migración humana ocurren en simultaneo
con el cambio climático, y sus efectos son a menudo similares,
lo que hace que su influencia relativa sea difícil de
establecer. Como consecuencia, un problema fundamental
para establecer un vínculo directo entre un mayor número
de fallas en las redes eléctricas y el cambio climático es la
falta de datos de un indicador satisfactorio de la intensidad
del fuego.
Comprender la dinámica de los incendios forestales puede
contribuir a tener una idea más clara de lo que podría ocurrir
en el futuro y proporcionar herramientas para evitar escenarios
desfavorables en términos de cortes eléctricos causados
por incendios forestales. La sequía, los vientos intensos y
otros fenómenos meteorológicos extremos juegan a favor
de la intensificación de los incendios forestales, y un mayor
riesgo para el funcionamiento de las redes eléctricas aéreas
parece una posibilidad realista para el futuro cercano. La
gestión adecuada de los incendios forestales, lo cual incluye
la creación de cortafuegos de combustible/cortaincendios y
la quema prescrita, puede ayudar a interrumpir el ciclo de
retroalimentación que tiene como consecuencia incendios de
alta intensidad, así como contener los incendios forestales
dentro de su dominio natural de ocurrencia.
Reconocimiento
Se agradece enormemente el apoyo a Wolfram Jahn a través
de CIGIDEN (subvención 15110017-Fondap 2011).
Lecturas complementarias
P. Williams et al., " Observed impacts of anthropogenic climate
change on wildfire in California " (Impactos observados
del cambio climático antropogénico en los incendios
forestales de California), Earth's Future, vol. 7, n.º 8, págs.
892-910, 2019. doi: 10.1029/2019EF001210.
S. H. Doerr y C. Santin, " Global trends in wildfire and
its impacts: Perceptions versus realities in a changing world "
(Tendencias mundiales sobre incendios forestales y sus impactos:
percepciones versus realidades en un mundo cambiante),
Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, vol. 371, n.º 1696, págs.
215-225, 2016. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0345.
M. Finney et al., " Role of buoyant flame dynamics in
wildfire spread " (Rol de las llamas dinámicas en la propagación
de los incendios forestales), Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci., vol. 112, n.º 32, págs. 9833-9838, 2015. doi: 10.1073/
pnas.1504498112.
J. W. Mitchell, " Power line failures and catastrophic
wildfires under extreme weather conditions " (Fallas en
las líneas eléctricas e incendios forestales catastróficos en
condiciones meteorológicas extremas), Eng. Failure Anal.,
vol. 35, págs. 726-735, dic. de 2013. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.07.006.
B.
D. Russell, C. L. Benner y J. A. Wischkaemper, " Distribution
feeder caused wildfires: Mechanisms and prevention "
(Incendios forestales causados por alimentadores
de distribución: mecanismos y prevención), en Proc. 65th
Annu. Conf. Protective Relay Eng., 2012, págs. 43-51. doi:
10.1109/CPRE.2012.6201220.
Biografías
Wolfram Jahn pertenece a la Pontificia Universidad Católica
de Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile y al Centro de Investigación
para la Gestión Integrada del Riesgo de Desastres
(CIGIDEN).
James L. Urban pertenece al Instituto Politécnico de
Worcester, Massachusetts, 01609, EE. UU.
Guillermo Rein pertenece al Imperial College, Londres,
SW7 9AG, Reino Unido.
p&e
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover3
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