IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 42
un GFN que se basa directamente en el trabajo realizado en
Australia, una subestación conectada a tierra resonante y un
transformador de aislamiento.
La implementación inicial del transformador de aislamiento
será con transformadores conectados a tierra delta
en estrella. Esto permitirá que el hardware existente cumpla
con los criterios de REFCL en una sección de un circuito. El
desarrollo está en curso para obtener transformadores delta
en zigzag montados en un soporte y bobinas de supresión
de arco dimensionados para la aplicación de la distribución.
Esta tecnología permitirá escalar a decenas o cientos de instalaciones.
En
resumen, SCE desarrolló diversas variantes de REFCL
para ajustarse a distintos modelos económicos o aplicaciones
y seguir cumpliendo los principios de ingeniería descritos
anteriormente que detectan, reducen la energía de falla
a niveles " sin igniciones " y aíslan una falla de fase única a
tierra en un sistema de tres cables. En general, los modelos
económicos comprenden desde la protección de una sección
alimentadora a una subestación que requeriría una reconfiguración
de circuito mínima y reemplazo de equipos. Para
proteger un alimentador o parte de él, SCE ha desarrollado y
encargado dos versiones de bancos de aislamiento, uno para
su instalación en la parte superior del poste (figura 6) y uno
montado en un soporte (figura 7).
Las instalaciones de los primeros alimentadores se seleccionaron
en secciones del circuito económica y técnicamente
más viables. Las instalaciones de estos alimentadores transportan
cargas ligeras (normalmente de 1 MVA a 1.5 MVA),
tienen una extensión de 10 millas y consisten principalmente
en conductores aéreos. Además, SCE encargó hace poco un
GFN, que es un paquete de equipos comercialmente disponible,
se instala en una subestación para llegar a una subestación
a tierra resonante (figura 8) y es más económico para
proteger varios alimentadores del circuito de distribución.
Microrred para resiliencia adicional
Más allá de los conductores cubiertos y las exploraciones
en tecnologías de protección, los avances en una variedad
de fuentes de energía eléctrica no tradicionales han abierto
caminos viables para que las microrredes tengan un rol
importante en el aumento de una mayor resiliencia de la red
de energía eléctrica.
Dadas las consecuencias potencialmente devastadoras de
los incendios, las empresas de servicios públicos en California
están haciendo todo lo que pueden para reducir el riesgo
de igniciones. Estas medidas incluyen la impopular mitigación
de último recurso llamada Interrupción del Suministro
Eléctrico por motivos de Seguridad Pública (PSPS, por sus
siglas en inglés), en que se corta la energía de forma preventiva
cuando las condiciones son propicias para la propagación
rápida de incendios catastróficos. La implementación
de PSPS conlleva complicaciones enormes en todos
los aspectos de operaciones de las empresas de servicios
públicos, sin mencionar la extensa comunicación requerida
con los clientes, la comunidad y las partes interesadas de
respuestas a emergencias de SCE.
Aunque la complejidad de los protocolos operativos no
figura 9. Ejemplo de una anomalía incipiente en el
sistema que se identificó utilizando tecnología de detección
temprana de fallas.
TRAVESAÑO_DEFECTUOSO EN 99 %
es el enfoque de este artículo, conviene señalar que los
enormes esfuerzos y recursos que se han dedicado para
asegurar la implementación de PSPS no solo se ejecutan
como medida de último recurso, sino que su impacto
se reduce en el territorio de servicio de SCE. Dado que
una buena parte de nuestra vida moderna depende de una
fuente confiable de electricidad, las consideraciones de
resiliencia también son primordiales. Con la llegada del
almacenamiento energético y las distintas formas de fuentes
de energía no tradicionales, una microrred es un perfecto
ejemplo de aplicación para aumentar la resiliencia de
la red contra potenciales interrupciones de energía debido
a sucesos diversos (como las PSPS). SCE también ve el
almacenamiento energético y las microrredes como una
tecnología de habilitación absolutamente necesaria para
descarbonizar la red eléctrica.
Un obstáculo en la implementación de la tecnología de
figura 10. Ejemplo de un algoritmo de aprendizaje
automático para identificar rápidamente un defecto en el
travesaño de imágenes obtenidas mediante inspecciones
aéreas.
42
ieee power & energy magazine
microrredes es la justificación económica de sus activos
a costos de corriente comparados con el valor derivado
de otras alternativas (p. ej., generadores no limpios). Para
superar este obstáculo, SCE tiene que ir más allá de evaluar
cada microrred de forma aislada como un activo discreto y
enero/febrero 2022
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover4
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