IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 55
de lluvias entre julio y noviembre vuelven más vulnerables
a brotes de incendio a varias regiones de Brasil, como aquellas
de los biomas cerrado (una sabana tropical) y caatinga
(matorral xerófilo). Asimismo, la figura 9 muestra la dispersión
de puntos calientes térmicos (incendios activos registrados
por los sistemas meteorológicos) en Brasil y países de
América Latina en todos los meses durante 2020.
Desde el punto de vista del funcionamiento de los sistemas,
la estación seca normalmente se define por flujos eléctricos
importantes desde las regiones del norte y noreste de
Brasil a la región sureste, en mayor parte a través de líneas
de transmisión aérea que pasan por los biomas cerrado y
caatinga. Esto se debe a la producción comúnmente más
baja de las centrales hidroeléctricas (HPP, por sus siglas
en inglés) en la región sureste y a la mayor producción del
parque de generación en el norte. En particular, las HPP de
esta región se ubican en cuencos cuyo régimen hidrológico
difiere de los del sureste. Además, la región noreste destaca
una parte importante de la generación eólica, cuya producción
es mayor en los meses más secos.
La combinación estacional de incendios y flujos latitudinales
relevantes, provocados por patrones de fuentes de
energía renovable de disponibilidad común, plantea un desafío
para la planificación y el funcionamiento de los sistemas
eléctricos en Brasil. Sin embargo, la creciente frecuencia de
interrupciones ocasionadas por incendios no ha dado paso
al deterioro del índice de robustez del sistema (figura 10). El
índice de robustez es la proporción entre las interrupciones
que no provocan un alivio de carga y el total de interrupciones
en un año. Esto se debe a las prácticas apropiadas de expansión
del sistema, que consideran el criterio de confiabilidad
N - 1, lo que genera líneas de flujo alternativas para que se
utilicen cuando se desconecte un circuito.
La ampliación de la red también apunta a aumentar la
conectividad de distintas áreas en la red para tener rutas de
suministro redundante. Para la planificación del funcionamiento,
el operador de redes utiliza límites para restringir
los intercambios de energía entre
los sistemas del norte/noreste
y del sureste, en caso de que se
pierda algún circuito. Los límites
de intercambios utilizados para
la programación hidrotérmica se
actualizan con frecuencia, y se
realiza una evaluación de seguridad
en tiempo real para actualizar
los límites de manera dinámica
durante las operaciones en tiempo
real. Los límites de capacidad de
exportación entre las áreas consideran
los criterios de seguridad
N - 1 y, lo que es importante, esto
incluye la preparación ante posibles
incendios junto a la vía/ruta
de las interconexiones.
enero/febrero 2022
Eventos relevantes
A continuación, mencionamos algunos eventos relevantes
que demuestran el impacto de los incendios en el sistema
eléctrico brasileño.
✔ En agosto de 2020, los incendios en el estado de Río
de Janeiro provocaron interrupciones en cuatro líneas
de transmisión de la concesionaria FURNAS. No obstante,
no hubo interrupciones en el suministro eléctrico
para el consumidor final.
✔ CTEEP, otra concesionaria de transmisión, anunció
que había registrado aproximadamente 133 incendios
en los alrededores de sus líneas de transmisión desde
enero hasta diciembre de 2020. Esto representó un
aumento de casi un 400 % en comparación con el año
anterior. Entre las ciudades más afectadas estuvieron
aquellas ubicadas en el interior del estado de São Paulo
(figura 11). Aun así, CTEEP es una de las empresas
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
157
142
107 110
97
89 %
90 %90 %
88 %
119 124 129 133
95 %
94 %
92 %
20
40
60
80
Índice de robustez
Extensión de línea de transmisión
figura 10. La evolución del índice de robustez de la red
básica brasileña.
94 %94 %
100
120
140
160
180
(a)
(b)
figura 11. (a) Un incendio forestal bajo una línea de transmisión en la región de
Ribeirão Preto (estado de São Paulo). (b) Un incendio cerca de una línea de transmisión
en Bauru (estado de São Paulo) (Fuente: CTEEP; utilizado con permiso).
ieee power & energy magazine
55
Índice de robustez ( %)
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Extensión de línea de
transmisión de 1,000 km
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover3
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