IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 83
Esto demuestra que los beneficios de la mitigación de incendios
al utilizar los ajustes del SRP durante las condiciones de
alto riesgo de incendios forestales superan la pérdida de coordinación
de la protección que causa interrupciones mayores.
Protección de SGF
Otro nivel de reducción de riesgos es la protección de SGF.
En muchos casos, las fallas a tierra de distribución que
podrían causar un incendio, como conductores con energía
tocando el suelo (cables sueltos), tienen una alta impedancia
de la ruta a tierra y producen muy poca corriente de falla.
No se pueden detectar por los relés y los reconectores que
utilizan los ajustes estándares de protección de sobrecorriente
a tierra. Los ajustes estándares suelen ser lo bastante
altos como para evitar el disparo de desbalances de carga
fásica normales, que los relés y reconectores perciben como
fallas a tierra de baja corriente de la misma magnitud que el
desbalance. La protección de SGF sustituye los ajustes de
disparo de la magnitud de la corriente a tierra estándar por
valores personalizados para cada dispositivo, ajustados justo
por encima del desbalance normal que observa cada equipo.
Al igual que con el SRP, la configuración de la protección
de SGF requiere revisiones y ajustes continuos de los ajustes
individuales en comparación con el historial de datos de
carga de campo para evitar disparos por el desbalance de la
carga. SDG&E implementó herramientas analíticas creadas
especialmente para estudiar el rango real del desbalance de
corriente del circuito inducido por la carga para cada relé y
reconector que reporta perfiles de carga, a partir de las mediciones
operativas continuas de todo el sistema que recopila
el sistema SCADA del centro de control. Se trata de los mismos
datos de carga y sistemas de herramientas empleados
para determinar las referencias anuales de los ajustes del SRP
antes de cada temporada de incendios. Con este perfil de desbalance
de carga personalizado por dispositivo, cada dispositivo
se puede ajustar justo por encima de su peor nivel de desbalance
normal, con un riesgo minimizado de disparos falsos
para la carga normal. En circuitos bien balanceados, el ajuste
puede ser mucho más bajo y sensible que uno estandarizado.
SDG&E aplica los ajustes de SGF durante todo el año en
lugar de activarlos como parte de un perfil operativo. Esto
disminuye el riesgo de incendios forestales y reduce los peligros
para la seguridad pública de los conductores caídos. Al
igual que con la protección convencional de sobrecorriente
de tiempo, la SGF se coordina en el tiempo estableciendo un
intervalo de retraso de 0.5 s entre los tiempos de disparo de
los reconectores a lo largo de un circuito. Este retraso minimiza
los efectos de la confiabilidad al aislar una sección más
pequeña del circuito cuando ocurre una falla y, por lo tanto,
permite el uso de la protección SGF a tiempo completo.
Protección contra la caída de
conductores
El propósito de la FCP es detectar la apertura de un conductor
abastecido y desabastecido antes de que llegue a tierra,
enero/febrero 2022
lo que elimina el riesgo de que se produzca un incendio y la
exposición del público a los equipos con tensión. SDG&E y
otras empresas de servicios públicos experimentan aperturas
de conductores incluso con rigurosos programas de fortalecimiento
de circuitos. Un grupo de proyectos de SDG&E
inventó y patentó el concepto y el esquema de la FCP mientras
desarrollaba una nueva tecnología de sistema de protección
y monitoreo de circuitos de distribución basada en
sincrofasores.
En la figura 2 se muestra la secuencia temporal de un
conductor aéreo de distribución roto que cae desde 30 pies
(9 m). Al acelerar desde el momento de la rotura, uno o
ambos extremos llegan al suelo 1.37 s después. El esquema
de la FCP puede detectar la rotura a partir de las señales de
tensión del circuito y emitir comandos de disparo para desabastecer
la sección del circuito roto 200-500 ms después del
evento, cuando el conductor ha caído solo unos pocos pies.
Componentes del esquema
El sistema utiliza dispositivos electrónicos inteligentes (IED,
por sus siglas en inglés) de protección y control habilitados
por las PMU a lo largo de un circuito de distribución; un
sistema de comunicación de datos de alta velocidad por área
de circuito Ethernet; y un concentrador de datos fasoriales
(PDC, por sus siglas en inglés) ubicado en la subestación
que envía los flujos de sincrofasores recopilados a un
figura 6. Los IED de la subestación de FCP. (Fuente: SDG&E).
ieee power & energy magazine
83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 26
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 27
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 28
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 29
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 30
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 31
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 32
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 33
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 34
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 35
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 36
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 37
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 38
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 39
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 40
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 47
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 48
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 51
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 52
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 54
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 55
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 58
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 59
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 60
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 77
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 78
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 79
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 80
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 82
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 84
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 85
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 86
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 87
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 88
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 90
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 91
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 92
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 93
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 94
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 95
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 96
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 97
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 98
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 99
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 100
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 101
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 102
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 103
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 104
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 105
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 106
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 107
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 108
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 109
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 110
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 111
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 112
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 113
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 114
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 115
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 116
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 117
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 118
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 119
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 120
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 121
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 122
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 123
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0708_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0506_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0304_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0102_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1112_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0910_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0708_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0506_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0304_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0102_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070820
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050620
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030420
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1119
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070819
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050619
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030419
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070818
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050618
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030418
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0917
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0717
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0517
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0317
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0916
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111217
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com