IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 85
disponibles en lugar de los trayectos de radio en áreas de
servicio seleccionadas con altas densidades de carga.
La FCP requiere enlaces de comunicación robustos que
proporcionen velocidades de datos altas y bajas tasas de pérdida
de paquetes. Los despliegues recientes de FCP utilizan
sistemas Ethernet de banda ancha en malla, punto a punto
y radio punto a multipunto con repetidores. Estas redes de
radio operan en las bandas sin licencia de 2.4 y 5.8 GHz que
asigna la Comisión Federal de Comunicación de Estados
Unidos y pueden transportar flujos de sincrofasores con una
latencia, o retraso, inferior a 50 ms. Las antenas direccionales
de alta ganancia aumentan la intensidad de la señal y
la relación señal ruido para penetrar el follaje y otros obstáculos
medioambientales. Las antenas omnidireccionales se
emplean cuando no se requiere direccionalidad, debido a su
facilidad de instalación y uso.
En la figura 5 también se muestra cómo la comunicación
por radio de alta velocidad para los datos de la PMU
y los disparos se superpone al sistema de radio SCADA de
distribución de área amplia y de menor velocidad preexistente
de SDG&E, de modo que ambas redes pueden funcionar
al mismo tiempo que se implementan la comunicación
y la recopilación de datos de alta velocidad avanzada en
el sistema de distribución de la empresa. La parte inferior
derecha muestra un centro de comunicación en la subestación
vinculado a los componentes del sistema de control
de FCP, como se explica a continuación. El concentrador
de la subestación se comunica con los dispositivos de control
del circuito a través de la radio Ethernet de alta velocidad,
que se muestra como el sistema de comunicación
Fuente 1
θ2
avanzado. Las mediciones de los sincrofasores de los
circuitos y los datos del sistema de FCP se transfieren a
los centros de control a través de una conexión de retorno
desde una subestación a través de la red de área amplia
hasta los centros de control. El sistema de comunicación
SCADA tradicional, situado en la parte inferior derecha,
incluye un sistema de radio de área amplia de menor velocidad
que intercambia datos con los dispositivos de circuito
de toda el área de servicio cada pocos segundos. Las
vías de comunicación tradicionales y avanzadas se pueden
superponer, incluso en un mismo circuito.
Hemos señalado que SDG&E está desplegando sistemas
de radio celular LTE de propiedad privada para una variedad
de aplicaciones de monitoreo y control de la red. Los nuevos
despliegues de FCP operan sobre esta red de comunicación
en expansión. Esta solución comercial disponible presenta
un enrutamiento de red flexible y la capacidad de integrar
zonas de cobertura superpuestas entre áreas geográficas
para mejorar la confiabilidad. La solución LTE disminuye
el costo del despliegue de la FCP y mejora la gestión de la
ciberseguridad.
Matriz de procesamiento de la subestación
En la subestación que termina cada circuito equipado con
FCP, el nodo transceptor receptor del sistema de radio de
datos de alta velocidad se combina en un soporte con un
PDC, un controlador de automatización programado con
FCP, un interruptor Ethernet y un receptor GPS para la
medición precisa del sistema y la temporización de los eventos
(figura 6). En las últimas aplicaciones, las funciones de
θ3
θ4
Fuente 2
θ1
PMU 1
FC
θ1 No alineado con las otras PMU
Fuente 1
θ3
θ4
Fuente 2
PMU 2
PMU 3
PMU 4
θ1
θ2
PMU 1
θ1 y θ2 Alineadas entre sí
θ3 y θ4 Alineadas entre sí
PMU 2
FC
figura 8. Una rotura de conductor localizada mediante relaciones de ángulos de fase de tensión a lo largo de un circuito.
enero/febrero 2022
ieee power & energy magazine
85
PMU 3
PMU 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - 2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2022 - Cover3
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