IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 34
China, que provocó el disparo de la protección ante la
vibración torsional en los ejes de tres unidades térmicas
de potencia de 660 MV a 300 km de distancia. En septiembre
de 2015 hubo una falla bipolar de bloqueo en la
línea de CC de tensión ultra alta de ±800 kV que abarca
desde Jinping hasta el sur de Jiangsu, lo que produjo
una pérdida de potencia instantánea de 5,400 MV. Doce
segundos después de ocurrida la falla, la frecuencia de la
Red Eléctrica de China Oriental cayó a 49.56 Hz. Durante
eventos similares a estas situaciones de emergencia, la
respuesta del sistema eléctrico es muy dinámica. La SSE
brinda información oportuna y precisa para los operadores
de sistemas gracias a su bajo índice de actualización
y sus mediciones no sincronizadas. Como consecuencia,
el sistema de despacho no puede responder a los eventos
a tiempo. Por ello, para los futuros sistemas eléctricos, es
esencial estimar los estados dinámicos casi en tiempo real
durante todas las situaciones operativas.
Los sincrofasores (PMUs, por sus siglas en inglés) pueden
sincronizar las mediciones rápidas desde ubicaciones
considerablemente dispersas hasta en un reloj GPS. La
aplicación más amplia de un sistema de medición de áreas
extensas (WAMS, por sus siglas en inglés) con PMUs permite
monitorear la dinámica electromecánica, dando la oportunidad
para elaborar la SE dinámico (DSE, por sus siglas
en inglés). Al ser una herramienta eficiente de monitoreo de
sistemas, la DSE puede registrar con precisión la evolución
de los estados dinámicos de los sistemas. Actualmente, en la
red eléctrica de China, se instalan PMUs para las líneas de
transmisión con una tensión mayor a 500 kV, unidades generadoras
con una capacidad mayor a 300 MW y subestaciones
importantes de 220 kV. Sin embargo, los componentes de
frecuencia de las señales de potencia en áreas de energías
renovables distribuidas se están volviendo cada vez más
complejos. Los PMUs existentes diseñados para la red de
transmisión de alta tensión tienen dificultades para lidiar con
la rápida dinámica de la electrónica de potencia. Además, la
mayoría de los estudios sobre DSE existentes se enfocan en
sistemas tradicionales con predominio de GS, ignorando las
características electromecánicas cambiadas por la alta penetración
de fuentes de energía renovable (FER). Los roles y
requerimientos de implementación de la DSE en los EMS
no están bien establecidos, y aún hay vacíos importantes que
abordar en cuanto a la practicidad de la DSE. Es por ello
que en este artículo se presenta un sistema de medición sincronizada
(SYMS, por sus siglas en inglés) completo para
los sistemas eléctricos con electrónica de potencia. Luego, se
desarrolla un esquema de DSE distribuido que considera los
sistemas eléctricos con FER y coincide con la medición de
un SYMS como una herramienta innovadora de monitoreo
dinámico. Por último, se analizan los desafíos que enfrenta
la DSE.
Centro de datos
del SYMS
Concentrador de datos
de medición local
Concentrador de datos
de medición local
Ethernet
U, I, f, frecuencia
amplia de ROCOF
U, I, f, ROCOF
U, I, f, calidad de
potencia de ROCOF, CC
U, I, f, calidad de
potencia de ROCOF, CC
U, I de CA
U, I de CC
U, I de CA
SMD para energías renovables SMD para control
U, I de CA
U, I de CC
SMD para cargas
U, I de CA
U, I de CC
SMD para formas de onda
figura 1. Marco y SMD del SYMS.
34
ieee power & energy magazine
enero/febrero 2023
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Contents
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