IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 4
Innocent Kamwa
comportamiento de la
red
Estimación del estado dinámico habilitado por
las PMU
E
4
EL CONCEPTO DE ESTADO DE
salud es de uso generalizado en la
gestión de activos. Por ejemplo, las
baterías de vehículos eléctricos se reemplazan
al perder el ~30 % de su
capacidad, lo que significa que su estado
de salud no es suficiente como
para que su uso sea confiable en viajes
diarios, incluso cuando todavía poseen
el 70 % de la capacidad. Es difícil estimar
el estado de salud de un activo,
y, para una red eléctrica que abarca
miles de kilómetros e interconecta millones
de componentes, es virtualmente
inimaginable. Usamos pruebas biomédicas
conocidas, como muestras de
sangre, para comprender información
cuantitativa sobre la salud de una persona,
que luego interpreta un doctor.
Se adopta un abordaje similar basado
en mediciones para las operaciones
de la red eléctrica. Los dispositivos
electrónicos ubicados en subestaciones
adquieren y procesan señales de
corriente y tensión, el estado de los
disyuntores, los datos meteorológicos,
etc., que se envían a las salas de control
para su procesamiento e interpretación
por parte de los operadores del sistema
eléctrico.
El estado del sistema eléctrico es
necesario para la operación del mercado
de energía y para la operación segura
de la red eléctrica, a fin de mantener
a todas las variables operativas, tales
como la energía a través de las lineas
Identificador de Objeto Digital 10.1109/MPE.2022.3219171
Fecha de la versión actual: 30 de diciembre de 2022
ieee power & energy magazine
figura 1. Disposición de las pantallas de pared y los escritorios de los
despachadores de las salas de control en un EMS típico.
enero/febrero 2023
o tensión en las viviendas de los consumidores,
dentro de los parámetros
seguros. El estado de la red eléctrica
también es relevante a la hora de determinar
el " margen de seguridad " , es
decir, cuánto espacio queda en las capacidades
de generación y transmisión
antes de alcanzar la carga máxima que
se puede proporcionar de manera confiable.
Es entendible que el operador del
sistema deba esforzarse para mantenerse
lo más lejos posible de este límite a
fin de mantener las luces encendidas.
Con este objetivo, la sala de control
alberga grandes pizarras que informan
la tensión en tiempo real y estado del
disyuntor en un diagrama unifilar y en
consolas que le permiten al personal solicitar
información detallada. Por ejemplo,
cuando hay una caída de tensión,
sonarán las alarmas en las terminales y
los operadores normalmente se comunicarán
por teléfono para indicar medidas
correctivas (figura 1).
En condiciones de estado estacionario,
la frecuencia permanece constante
y la condición del estado de salud del
sistema eléctrico se indica con base en
las magnitudes de la tensión y la corriente
y los ángulos de fase en cada
ubicación de la red. En general, la red
eléctrica está efectivamente en estado
estacionario. Desde la década de 1970,
la industria de los servicios públicos
ha desarrollado y aplicado herramientas
llamadas estimadores de estado
voz de los editores
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3568-3716
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 4
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover4
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